{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:41:52Z","timestamp":1793385712584,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human enterocolitis is frequently caused by the Gram-negative microaerobic bacterium <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>. Macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) and fluoroquinolones (FQs) (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are the preferred antibiotics for the treatment of human campylobacteriosis. Rapid emergence of FQ-resistant (FQ-R) <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> during treatment with FQ antimicrobials is well known to occur in poultry. Cattle is also an important reservoir of <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> for humans, and FQ-R <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> from cattle has become highly prevalent in recent years. Even though the selection pressure may have contributed to the expansion of FQ-R <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>, the actual impact of this factor appears to be rather low. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the fitness of FQ-R <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> may have also played a role in the rise seen in FQ-R <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> isolates by employing a series of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments in MH broth and bovine fecal extract. First, it was shown that FQ-R and FQ-susceptible (FQ-S) <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> strains of cattle origin had comparable growth rates when individually cultured in both MH broth and the fecal extract with no antibiotic present. Interestingly, FQ-R strains had small but statistically significant increases over FQ-S strains in growth in competition experiments performed in mixed cultures with no antibiotic present. Lastly, it was observed that FQ-S <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> strains developed resistance to ciprofloxacin more readily at high initial bacterial cell density (10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/mL) and when exposed to low levels of the antibiotic (2\u20134\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) compared with that at a low level of initial bacterial cell density (10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/mL) and exposure to a high level of ciprofloxacin (20\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) in both MH broth and the fecal extract. Altogether, these findings indicate that even though FQ-R <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> of cattle origin may have a slightly higher fitness advantage over the FQ-S population, the emergence of FQ-R mutants from susceptible strains is primarily dictated by the bacterial cell density and the antibiotic concentration exposed under <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> condition. These observation may also provide plausible explanations for the high prevalence of FQ-R <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> in cattle production due to its overall fit nature in the absence of antibiotic selection pressure and for the paucity of development of FQ-R <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> in the cattle intestine in response to FQ-treatment, as observed in our recent studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1117975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T05:25:35Z","timestamp":1681795535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Growth kinetics and fitness of fluoroquinolone resistant and susceptible Campylobacter jejuni strains of cattle origin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Debora Brito","family":"Goulart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qijing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00072-18","article-title":"Pathogenomics of emerging Campylobacter 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