{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:28:23Z","timestamp":1789129703562,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of the large-scale donkey breeding farms in China has increased dramatically. However, information regarding the situation of a Chinese donkey population under large-scale donkey breeding farms is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This survey report was conducted using questionnaires online to investigate the current situation of the donkey original breeding farms in China, in terms of donkey stock, local breeds, reproductive parameters, growth and lactation performance, and future perspectives. China has developed the donkey reserve system based on national, provincial and non-governmental (self-own) donkey original breeding farms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, a total of 38 donkey original breeding farms concentrated in Northern of China were studied, and 52% of them keep their donkeys with a stocking density of 100\u2013500 donkeys. China is rich in various local donkey breeds, and 16 local donkey breeds including large-sized, medium-sized and small-sized breeds were collected in our survey. Dezhou donkey are prevalent with a percentage of more than 57% of the total donkeys, while the Cullen donkeys belong to small-sized donkey breeds are scare. The reproductive efficiency and donkey productivity were different across donkey farms, indicating potential differences in management and breeding practices between different donkey original breeding farms. The artificial insemination has been performed in these donkey farms with an average proportion of 73%. Regarding the donkey productivity, the national and provincial donkey original breeding farms showed a higher birthweight and fat content in donkey milk than self-own farms. Furthermore, our results indicate that the donkey breeds with different body size also have important influence on the reproduction parameters and donkey productivity, with the large-sized donkeys had better performance compared to the small-sized donkeys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, our survey provided valuable baseline information on the situation of donkey population dynamics in the donkey original breeding farms. However, further study is required in the future to investigate the factors such as donkey health care, management and nutrition during breeding, fattening and lactation that influence donkey productivity under large-scale farm systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T01:37:49Z","timestamp":1678930669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A survey report on the donkey original breeding farms in China: Current aspects and future prospective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingjian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiqin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changfa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19813-7","article-title":"Donkey genomes provide new insights into domestication and selection for coat color","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096008","article-title":"African origins of the domestic donkey","volume":"304","author":"Beja-Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"191","article-title":"The origins and development of African livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography","author":"Blench","year":"2000"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103642","article-title":"Donkey industry in China: current aspects, suggestions and future challenges","volume":"102","author":"Seyiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"481","article-title":"Study on mitochondrial DNA D-loop polymorphism in Chinese donkeys","volume":"32","author":"Lei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Genet Sin."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-010-9345-0","article-title":"Cytochrome b genetic diversity and maternal origin of Chinese domestic donkey","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Genet"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Study on dynamic information of animal genetic resources in China","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agric Sci China."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2019.103885","article-title":"Integrated analysis of mRNA and miRNA in testis and cauda epididymidis reveals candidate molecular markers associated with reproduction in Dezhou donkey","volume":"234","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.008","article-title":"First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infection in donkey meat slaughtered for human consumption in Shandong province, eastern China","volume":"61","author":"Cong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2007.08.009","article-title":"Farming systems of the Loess Plateau, Gansu Province, China","volume":"124","author":"Nolan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040718","article-title":"The potential for new donkey farming systems to supply the growing demand for hides","volume":"10","author":"Bennet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2020.6","article-title":"From pack animals to polo: Donkeys from the ninth-century Tang tomb of an elite lady in Xi'an, China","volume":"94","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-014-0246-4","article-title":"Ancient DNA provides new insight into the maternal lineages and domestication of Chinese donkeys","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.130","article-title":"Label-free based comparative proteomic analysis of whey proteins between different milk yields of Dezhou donkey","volume":"508","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182405","article-title":"Effects of housing and management systems on the growth, immunity, antioxidation, and related physiological and biochemical indicators of donkeys in cold weather","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626622","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.626622","article-title":"survey of smallholder farms regarding demographics, health care, and management factors of donkeys in northeastern China","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4800","article-title":"Demographics, management and health of donkeys in the UK","volume":"166","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12045","article-title":"Livestock development in China: animal production, consumption and genetic resources","volume":"130","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Breed Genet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8794044","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8794044","article-title":"Information monitoring of animal husbandry industry based on the internet of things and wireless communication system","volume":"2022","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160269","article-title":"The current situation and trend of donkey","volume":"65","author":"Camillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2007.645","article-title":"African maternal origin and genetic diversity of Chinese domestic donkeys","volume":"20","author":"Lei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian-Austral J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102928","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of foaling-related parameters of Jennies (Equus asinus) under smallholder farm conditions in northeast China","volume":"87","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.12.005","article-title":"A review of reproductive biology and biotechnologies in donkeys","volume":"65","author":"Miragaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.12.014","article-title":"Testicular volume and daily sperm output in Ragusano donkeys","volume":"31","author":"Quartuccio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"B25","author":"Lewis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Donkeys: Care, Choice and Training"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235338","article-title":"Studies on the livestock of southern Darfur, Sudan VI. Notes on equines","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162024","article-title":"Could weaning remodel the oral microbiota composition in donkeys? An exploratory study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.04.010","article-title":"Effect of cryoprotectant on donkey semen freezability and fertility","volume":"94","author":"Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.03.007","article-title":"The current situation and trend of the donkey industry in South America","volume":"65","author":"Carneiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123119","article-title":"Effects of donkeys rearing system on performance indices, carcass, and meat quality","volume":"10","author":"Polidori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103457","article-title":"Estimation of liveweight from body measurements through best fitted regression model in Dezhou donkey breed","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2022.105024","article-title":"Comparative analysis of growth and development characteristics of two Dezhou donkey strains","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Livest Sci."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal Genetic Resources in China: Horses, Donkeys, Camels."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.10.229","article-title":"Estimation of the liveweight and body condition of working donkeys in Morocco","volume":"138","author":"Pearson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20161120","article-title":"Estimated live weight of growing p\u00eaga breed donkeys","volume":"47","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ciencia Rural."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.05.012","article-title":"Genomic analyses reveal distinct genetic architectures and selective pressures in Chinese donkeys","volume":"48","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-63-377-2020","article-title":"Expression profiles and polymorphic identification of the acsl1 gene and their association with body size traits in Dezhou donkeys","volume":"63","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Anim Breed."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-600","article-title":"Composition, physiochemical properties, nitrogen fraction distribution, and amino acid pro- file of donkey milk","volume":"90","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108741","article-title":"Comparative analysis of whey proteins in donkey colostrum and mature milk using quantitative proteomics","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.08.019","article-title":"survey on the milk chemical and microbiological quality in dairy donkey farms located in NorthWestern Italy","volume":"50","author":"Cavallarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4690","article-title":"Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective","volume":"92","author":"Medhammar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agri."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2003049","article-title":"Composition and characteristics of ass's milk","volume":"53","author":"Salimei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6180","article-title":"The mathematical modeling of the lactation curve for dairy traits of the donkey (Equus asinus)","volume":"96","author":"Bordonaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79949-X","article-title":"Relationships between body measurements, body weight, and production in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"71","author":"Sieber","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731107000419","article-title":"Body condition score and live-weight effects on milk production in Irish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows","volume":"1","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1719","article-title":"Relationship between somatic cell count and milk yield in different stages of lactation","volume":"92","author":"Hagnestam-Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02690-7","article-title":"Effects of parity and days in milk on milk composition in correlation with \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate in tropic dairy cows","volume":"53","author":"Sabek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cell counts in bovine milk. Causes of variation and applicability for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis","volume":"80","author":"Brolund","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.07.005","article-title":"Donkey milk lysozyme ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by improving intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota composition","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"263","article-title":"Optimization and validation of a chromatographic method for quantification of lysozyme in jenny milk","volume":"55","author":"Labella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Food Nutr Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029916000777","article-title":"Effect of parity, milking time and stage of lactation on milk yield of Jiangyue donkey (Equus asinus) in North West China","volume":"84","author":"Muhatai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00668-9","article-title":"Animal genetic resources in Brazil: result of five centuries of natural selection","volume":"57","author":"Mariante","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126138\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T01:37:57Z","timestamp":1678930677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126138\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"article-number":"1126138"}}