{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:44:55Z","timestamp":1783694695723,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspergillosis is a severe fungal disease that affects all species and ages of poultry and leads to significant economic losses within the poultry industry. The economic significance of aspergillosis is associated with direct losses due to poultry mortality, a decline in the production of meat and eggs, feed conversion, and poor growth of recovering poultry. Although a decrease in the production of poultry meat and eggs in Kazakhstan due to this fungal disease has been widely reported, studies on the consequent financial losses on affected farms (households) have not been carried out. This study aimed to estimate the financial losses and epidemiological parameters of avian aspergillosis among households affected by the disease in the Almaty region. To achieve the objectives of the research, a survey was conducted involving affected households from February 2018 to July 2019. The affected poultry were diagnosed based on clinical, macroscopical, and microscopical procedures, and once the infection was confirmed, household owners were interviewed. Data were collected from 183 household owners. The median incidence risk and fatality rates were 39 and 26% in chickens, 42 and 22% in turkeys, and 37 and 33% in geese, respectively, with young poultry having a higher incidence risk and fatality rate than adults. Approximately 92.4% of the household owners treated the affected poultry using natural folk methods and 7.6% of household owners used antifungal drugs and antibiotics, spending a median of US $35.20 (min US $0; max US $400) per household throughout the course of the infection. Egg production was reduced by a median of 58.3% when households were affected. The price of poultry fell by a median of 48.6% immediately after recovery due to weight loss. The median of the overall financial losses of households was US $198.50 (min US $11; max US $1,269). The majority of household owners (65%) did not replace their poultry, 9.8% of household owners replaced all their poultry, and the remaining 25.1% replaced only a proportion of the poultry lost at the time of the study. Newly acquired poultry were purchased from neighbors (10.9%), fellow villagers (50%), and state poultry farms (39.1%). This study demonstrates that aspergillosis has an immediate impact on subsistence household owners' livelihoods in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1141456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T05:58:21Z","timestamp":1681711101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics and financial losses due to avian aspergillosis in households in the Almaty region, Republic of Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dinara","family":"Kalkayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amangeldi","family":"Maulanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Sobiech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnur","family":"Kuzembekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Dzhangabulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurzhan","family":"Nurkhojayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurbek","family":"Aldayarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Bnasr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reform of the Republic of Kazakhstan"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Poultry farming in Kazakhstan: achievements and prospects","author":"EFKO","year":"2020","journal-title":"J AGRO-BOSS."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Poultry farming in Kazakhstan: state and development problems\n            SigarevMI\n            NurkuzhaevZhM\n            AlshembaevaLT\n          Kazakhstan agricultural newspaper of \u201cAgrarian of Kazakhstan\u201d2019"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1872355","article-title":"Emergence and spread of novel H5N8, H5N5 and H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2020","volume":"10","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13038","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13038","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the A\/H5N8 subtype, clade2.3.4.4b, caused outbreaks in Kazakhstan in 2020","volume":"10","author":"Amirgazin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv067","article-title":"Aspergillus and aspergilloses in wild and domestic animals: a global health concern with parallels to human disease","volume":"53","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Mycol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis","volume":"12","author":"Latge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00656.x","article-title":"Aspergillus species isolated from clinical specimens: suggested clinical and microbiological criteria to determine significance","volume":"4","author":"Greub","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.2.629","article-title":"Acute community-acquired pneumonia due to Aspergillus in presumably immunocompetent hosts: clues for recognition of a rare but fatal disease","volume":"114","author":"Clancy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746356","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/746356","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry","volume":"2011","author":"Arn\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"49","article-title":"\u201cMycotic infections in livestock: Recent insights and studies on etiology, diagnostics and prevention of Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome,\u201d","author":"Puntenney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southwest Nutrition & Management Conference"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219680000681","article-title":"Route of infections in bovine aspergillosis","volume":"34","author":"Sarfati","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100700","article-title":"Guttural pouch mycosis in horses: a retrospective study of 28 cases","volume":"171","author":"Dobesova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.1999.00290.x","article-title":"Generalized aspergillosis in dairy sheep","volume":"46","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01245.x","article-title":"Sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs: a review","volume":"53","author":"Sharman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711416969","article-title":"Disseminated mycosis in a killer whale (Orcinus orca)","volume":"24","author":"Abdo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01227","article-title":"Putting the mess in order: aspergillus welwitschiae (and Not A. niger) is the etiological agent of sisal bole rot disease in Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front in Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"33","article-title":"\u201cPhylogeny and subgeneric taxonomy of Aspergillus,\u201d","author":"Peterson","year":"2008"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802562092","article-title":"Aspergillus terreus complex","volume":"47","author":"Balajee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0808853","article-title":"Aspergillosis","volume":"360","author":"Segal","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780400020089","article-title":"Aspergillosis in mammals and birds: impact on veterinary medicine","volume":"43","author":"Tell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Mycol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219480000701","article-title":"The current role of Aspergillus and Penicillium in human and animal health","volume":"32","author":"Pitt","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1286","article-title":"Fungal secondary metabolism\u2014from biochemistry to genomics","volume":"3","author":"Keller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003","article-title":"Mycotoxins","volume":"16","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"989","article-title":"\u201cAspergillosis,\u201d","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry, 12th edn","author":"Charlton","year":"2008"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1637\/9088-092509-Reg.1","article-title":"Fungal pneumonia as major cause of mortality in white stork (Ciconia ciconia) chicks","volume":"54","author":"Olias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1637\/9232-011110-Case.1","article-title":"Articular aspergillosis of hip joints in Turkeys","volume":"54","author":"Olias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.506210","article-title":"Aspergillus infections in birds: a review","volume":"39","author":"Beernaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"326","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry, 9th edn.","author":"Richard","year":"1991"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"884","author":"Hoerr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diseases of Poultry, 9th edn."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/77.8.1130","article-title":"Relationship of structure and function of the avian respiratory system to disease susceptibility","volume":"77","author":"Fedde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105188","article-title":"The avian respiratory system: a unique model for studies of respiratory toxicosis and for monitoring air quality","volume":"105","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2307\/1590203","article-title":"Rapid hematogenous dissemination of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus spores in turkey poults following aerosol exposure","volume":"27","author":"Richard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"159","volume-title":"The Lung-Air Sac System of Birds: Development, Structure, and Function","author":"Maina","year":"2005"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2011.01.003","article-title":"Microbial pathogens in the fungal kingdom","volume":"25","author":"Heitman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Biol Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(","article-title":"A case of aspergillosis in a broiler breeder flock","volume":"46","author":"Akan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(","article-title":"Disseminated mycosis in layer cockerels and pullets","volume":"47","author":"Steinlage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1696946","article-title":"Spotlight on avian pathology: aspergillosis","volume":"49","author":"Hauck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathology."},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"The Administrative Map of the Almaty Region (Aksu District on the Map of Almaty Region).2008"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"44","article-title":"Development of the agro-industrial complex of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan","volume":"7","author":"Abdykalyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Questions Sci Edu."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.02.013","article-title":"Time series evaluation of traumatic lesions and airsacculitis at one poultry abattoir in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil (1996\u20132005)","volume":"94","author":"Moretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.01.011","article-title":"Risk and indicators of condemnation of male turkey broilers in western France, February\u2013July 2006","volume":"94","author":"Lupo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.065946-0","article-title":"Environmental contamination by Aspergillus spp. in laying hen farms and associated health risks for farm workers","volume":"63","author":"Cafarchia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.11.1875","article-title":"Evolution of the environmental contamination by thermophilic fungi in a turkey confinement house in France","volume":"85","author":"Fulleringer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"Veterinary rules for the prevention and elimination of avian aspergillosis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822007000300018","article-title":"Aspergillosis: a limiting factor during recovery of captive magellanic penguins","volume":"38","author":"Xavier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brazilian J Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00122","article-title":"Rahman IUr, Calixto ES, Ali N, Ijaz F. Ethnoveterinary therapeutic practices and conservation status of the medicinal flora of chamla Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.08.003","article-title":"A review of plants used in folk veterinary medicine in Italy as basis for a databank","volume":"89","author":"Viegi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-015-0040-4","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary of Sahrawi pastoralists of Western Sahara: camel diseases and remedies","volume":"11","author":"Volpato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2021.1874028","article-title":"A review of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of Allium cepa and its main constituents","volume":"59","author":"Marefati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669805","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.669805","article-title":"Recent advances in bioactive compounds","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2021"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949554","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.929554","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of garlic (Allium sativum), a storehouse of diverse phytochemicals: a review of research from the last decade focusing on health and nutritional implications","volume":"9","author":"Tudu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114842","article-title":"An ethnoveterinary study of wild medicinal plants used by the Kyrgyz farmers","author":"Aldayarov","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134161","article-title":"Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities of Peganum harmala and its ingredients: a review","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.895723","article-title":"Pharmacological importance of an ethnobotanical plant: Capsicum annuum L","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"126","author":"Coen","year":"1921","journal-title":"The Golden Fountain. The Complete Guide to Urine Therapy"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"56","article-title":"Assessment of urine on body weight, CD4 cells and testosterone hormone","volume":"4","author":"Majesty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canad J Comput Math Nat Sci Eng Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v15i8.30","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary survey of tradomedical importance of Bos taurus L urine, bile and dung in Nigeria and South Africa Tropical","volume":"15","author":"Oyedeji-Amusa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharmaceutical Res August."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"15","author":"Martha","year":"1994","journal-title":"Your own perfect Medicine: The Incredible Proven Natural Miracle Cure that Medical Sciences has Never Revealed."},{"key":"B60","author":"Owings","year":"1995","journal-title":"Turkey Health Problems: A Summary of 12 Years of IOWA Grower Surveys"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421481.ch25","article-title":"\u201cFungal infections,\u201d","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"Dykstra","year":"2013"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2307\/1592716","article-title":"Susceptibility of convalescent turkeys to pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"42","author":"Kunkle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"1294","article-title":"\u201cDiagnosis and treatment of avian aspergillosis,\u201d","volume-title":"Current veterinary therapy XII","author":"Aguilar","year":"1995"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1637\/7336-020105R","article-title":"Diagnosis and successful treatment of a presumptive case of aspergillosis in a micronesian kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina)","volume":"49","author":"Sanchez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1141456\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T05:58:31Z","timestamp":1681711111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1141456\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1141456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1141456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"article-number":"1141456"}}