{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T03:26:41Z","timestamp":1775014001733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine tibial alignment is determined by two-dimensional angular measurements, and tibial torsion is challenging. Aim of the study was the development and evaluation of a CT technique to measure canine tibial varus and torsion angles independent from positioning and truly three-dimensional.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A bone-centered 3D cartesian coordinate system was introduced into the CT-scans of canine tibiae and aligned with the anatomical planes of the bone based on osseous reference points. Tibial torsion, and varus (or valgus) angles were calculated based on geometric definition of projection planes with VoXim\u00ae medical imaging software using 3D coordinates of the reference points. To test accuracy of the tibial torsion angle measurements, CT scans of a tibial torsion model were performed in 12 different hinge rotation setups ranging from the normal anatomical situation up to +\/ 90\u00b0 and compared to goniometer measurements. Independency of tibial positioning on the CT scanner table was evaluated in 20 normal canine tibiae that were scanned in a position parallel to the z-axis and two additional off-angle double oblique positions having 15\u00b0 and 45\u00b0 deviation in direction of the x- and y-axes. Angular measurements in oblique positions were compared with the normal parallel position by subtraction. Precision was tested using clinical CT scans of 34 canine patients with a clinical diagnosis of patellar luxation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accuracy testing in the tibial torsional deformity model revealed a difference of 0.2\u00b0 demonstrated by Passing-Bablok analysis and Bland\u2013Altman-Plots. Testing for independency from tibial positioning resulted in mean differences less than 1.3\u00b0. Precision testing in clinical patients resulted in coefficients of variation for repeated measurements of 2.35% (intraobserver agreement) and 0.60% (interobserver agreement) for the tibial torsion angle, and 2.70% (intraobserver agreement) and 0.97% (interobserver agreement) for the tibial varus (or valgus) angle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The technique is lacking determination of bone deformities in the sagittal plane, and demonstration of accuracy in severe complex bone deformities in multiple planes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In conclusion, we developed a method to measure canine tibial torsional and varus or valgus deformities, that calculates in 3D space, and we demonstrated its accuracy in a torsional deformity model, and its precision in CT data of clinical patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1154144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T08:38:06Z","timestamp":1685608686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Three-dimensional computed tomographic angular measurements of the canine tibia using a bone-centered coordinate system"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Br\u00fchschwein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bronson","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Z\u00f6llner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Meyer-Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1160\/vcot-06-10-0083","article-title":"Bilateral pes valgus in an anatolian sheepdog","volume":"20","author":"Altunatmaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2005.00069.x","article-title":"Comparison of computed tomographic and standard radiographic determination of tibial torsion in the dog","volume":"34","author":"Apelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00323.x","article-title":"Radiographic measurement of the proximal and distal mechanical joint angles in the canine tibia","volume":"36","author":"Dismukes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00381.x","article-title":"Radiographic measurement of canine tibial angles in the sagittal plane","volume":"37","author":"Dismukes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00388.x","article-title":"Morphology and correction of distal tibial valgus deformities","volume":"48","author":"Jaeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.1989.tb01103.x","article-title":"Corrective osteotomy for pes varus in the dachshund","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00625.x","article-title":"Determination of the mechanical medial proximal tibial angle using a tangential radiographic technique","volume":"39","author":"Lambert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00826.x","article-title":"Combination tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and transverse corrective osteotomy of the proximal tibia for the treatment of complex tibial deformities in 12 dogs","volume":"40","author":"Weh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Introduction to radiographic interpretation. 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