{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:48:15Z","timestamp":1792511295320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluoroquinolones are classified as \u201ccritically important antimicrobials for human medicine\u201d; however, their extensive use in livestock poses a significant health risk to humans as it leads to the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study confirmed that 40.0%\u221271.4% of the farms in three of the five integrated broiler operations were administered ciprofloxacin (CIP). Moreover, preventive purposes (60.9%), veterinarian prescriptions (82.6%), drinking water route (100%), and 1 to 3 days (82.6%) of age were significantly highest (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). 194 high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>) were found in 65 of 74 farms, and of which, the prevalence of <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic> (63.9%), <jats:italic>tetM<\/jats:italic> (60.3%), <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> (64.9%), <jats:italic>blaz<\/jats:italic> (38.7%), and <jats:italic>catA<\/jats:italic> (34.0%) was significantly highest (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). 154 (79.4%) isolates showed MDR, and the distribution of MDR was significantly differences among the operations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). All HLCR <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> possessed double mutations in <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>, and S83I\/S80I (90.7%) mutations were most commonly identified. Interestingly, the distribution of isolates with MICs \u2265 512 for both CIP and moxifloxacin was significantly higher in CIP\u2013administered farms (56.5%) than in non-CIP\u2013administered farms (41.4%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Also, the prevalence of strong or moderate biofilm formers in HLCR <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> was significantly higher than that of weak and no biofilm formers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). HLCR <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> were heavily distributed in the broiler farms in Korea; therefore, it is necessary to minimize the prevalence of resistant bacteria <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> structural management regulations such as cleaning and disinfection of farm environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1158721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T04:52:15Z","timestamp":1680497535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Situational analysis on fluoroquinolones use and characterization of high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis by integrated broiler operations in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yu 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