{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:29:22Z","timestamp":1790087362814,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is an important method to detect gene expression at the molecular level. The selection of appropriate housekeeping genes is the key to accurately calculating the expression level of target genes and conducting gene function studies. In this study, the expression of eight candidate reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (<jats:italic>GAPDH<\/jats:italic>), beta-actin (\u03b2<jats:italic>-actin<\/jats:italic>), 18S ribosomal RNA (<jats:italic>18S rRNA<\/jats:italic>), hydroxymethylbilane synthase (<jats:italic>HMBS<\/jats:italic>), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (<jats:italic>HPRT1<\/jats:italic>), TATA box binding protein (<jats:italic>TBP<\/jats:italic>), ribosomal protein L13 (<jats:italic>RPL13<\/jats:italic>), and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase\/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (<jats:italic>YWHAZ<\/jats:italic>), in the duodenal epithelial tissue of 42-day-old meat-type ducks were detected using qPCR. Furthermore, their expression stability was analyzed using the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper programs. The results indicated that <jats:italic>HMBS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>YWHAZ<\/jats:italic> were the most stably expressed genes. All three programs indicated that the expression of <jats:italic>18S rRNA<\/jats:italic> was the least stable, making it unsuitable for the study of gene expression in meat-type duck tissues. This study provides stable reference genes for gene expression analysis and contributes to further studies on the gene function of meat-type ducks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1160384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T04:31:57Z","timestamp":1680496317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of stable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in the duodenum of meat-type 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