{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1788457908724,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study was carried out in a Hungarian large-scale dairy farm during a 5-day period in hot August weather. Altogether 16 preweaning calves were chosen for the study. An agricultural mesh with 80% shielding was stretched over eight calf cages at 2\u2009m from the ground to shield the cages in their entirety, while eight others were left unshaded. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured in 10\u2009min intervals inside and outside one of the hutches in the shaded and unshaded groups during the total length of the study. The rectal temperature of the calves was measured by a digital thermometer every 4\u2009h. Surface temperatures were measured on body parts, in the same intervals as rectal temperature with an infrared thermometer. Measuring sites included: the leg (metacarpus), muzzle, eye bulb, scapula, and ear. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the effects of shading on environmental and body temperatures and to also assess the strength of the association between core, skin and ambient temperatures; to estimate the temperature gradient between body shell and core; to compare the changes in heat dissipation capacity of the different body regions (as represented by temperatures of various sites) with increasing ambient temperature controlling for shaded or unshaded conditions; and to predict the risk of hyperthermia (rectal temperature not lower than 39.5\u00b0C) with the CART classification method. The average rectal temperatures suggest that the temperature conditions both in shaded and unshaded groups imposed a severe heat load on the calves. The temperature of the body shell, as represented by skin temperatures, shows a much more significant variation, similar to ambient temperature. As expected, areas that are closer to the core of the body (ear and eye) show less difference from rectal temperature and show a narrower range (lower variance), as more distal regions (leg, scapula) have a wider range. Body surface temperatures are more related to ambient temperature in calves than rectal temperature. The predictive value of infrared body surface temperatures for predicting heat stress or rectal temperature is low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1162708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T06:46:25Z","timestamp":1688366785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The use of body surface temperatures in assessing thermal status of hutch-reared dairy calves in shaded and unshaded conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mikolt","family":"Bakony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levente","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca Fruzsina","family":"K\u00e9z\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Jurkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093176","article-title":"Assessment of the impact of the 2003 and 2006 heat waves on cattle mortality in France","volume":"9","author":"Morignat","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029920000618","article-title":"Heat stress in dairy calves from birth to weaning","volume":"87","author":"Bakony","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.11.011","article-title":"Measurements of peripheral and deep body temperature in cattle \u2013 a review","volume":"79","author":"Gody\u0144","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thermal Biol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2020.09.004","article-title":"Methods to quantify heat stress in ruminants: current status and future prospects","volume":"186","author":"Wijffels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-017-1442-x","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on rumen temperature of three breeds of cattle","volume":"62","author":"Lees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40317-020-00225-9","article-title":"Technologies for the automated collection of heat stress data in sheep","volume":"9","author":"Lewis Baida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Biotelemetry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029913000071","article-title":"Agreement between rectal and vaginal temperature measured with temperature loggers in dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Suthar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.1077.5873.2","article-title":"Use of thermography in pigs: relationship between surface and core temperature","volume":"57","author":"Barbieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113001778","article-title":"Infrared thermography \u2013 a non-invasive tool to evaluate thermal status of neonatal pigs based on surface temperature","volume":"7","author":"Kammersgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-012-9549-3","article-title":"Monitoring the body temperature of cows and calves using video recordings from an infrared thermography camera","volume":"37","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"187","article-title":"Infrared temperature patterns of cow's body as an indicator for health control at precision cattle farming","volume":"10","author":"Poikalainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agron Res"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Basic principles of the thermal environment and livestock energetics","volume-title":"Livestock energetics and thermal environmental management","author":"DeShazer","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76409-3","article-title":"Effects of supplemental shade on thermoregulatory response of calves to heat challenge in a hutch environment","volume":"79","author":"Spain","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200622","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200622","article-title":"Assessment of heat stress in 7-week old dairy calves with non-invasive physiological parameters in different thermal environments","volume":"13","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8587","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18381","article-title":"Methods for assessing heat stress in preweaned dairy calves exposed to chronic heat stress or continuous cooling","volume":"103","author":"Dado-Senn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22237","article-title":"Methods for detecting heat stress in hutch-housed dairy calves in a continental climate","volume":"106","author":"Dado-Senn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.11362\/Fbmj.310.6977.446","article-title":"Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: part 1 - correlation within subjects","volume":"310","author":"Bland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6980.633","article-title":"Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: part 2 - correlation between subjects","volume":"310","author":"Bland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brit Med J."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-3-7","article-title":"Daily and estrous rhythmicity of body temperature in domestic cattle","volume":"3","author":"Piccione","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2018.09.001","article-title":"Effect of artificial shade on saliva cortisol concentrations of heat-stressed dairy calves","volume":"66","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfy031","article-title":"Heat stress: physiology of acclimation and adaptation","volume":"9","author":"Collier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14269\/2318-1265.v01n01a02","article-title":"Effect of time of day and type of shading on the physiological responses of crossbred calves in tropical environment","volume":"1","author":"de Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Behav Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8867","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-10994","article-title":"Short communication: changes in body temperature of calves up to 2 months of age as affected by time of day, age, and ambient temperature","volume":"99","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8361377x","article-title":"Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows","volume":"83","author":"Berman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/87564793900060","article-title":"Interpretation of the correlation coeficicient: a basic review","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Diag Med Sonography"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8087","article-title":"Relationship among eye and muzzle temperatures measured using digital infrared thermal imaging and vaginal and rectal temperatures in hair sheep and cattle","volume":"92","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1218","article-title":"Detection of clinical mastitis with the help of a thermal camera","volume":"91","author":"Hovinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.15835\/buasvmcn-vm:69:1-2:8425","article-title":"Determination of the cutaneous temperature by infrared thermometry in Holstein cows","volume":"69","author":"Pusta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulletin UASMV Vet Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1162708\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T06:46:30Z","timestamp":1688366790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1162708\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1162708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1162708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"article-number":"1162708"}}