{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:33:38Z","timestamp":1787927618723,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>A fundamental challenge for charities that facilitate distribution of animal health products to small-scale livestock producers (SSPs) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is identifying the products and market mechanisms that provide the greatest positive impact for SSPs and estimating their associated impact. This paper describes a pragmatic approach to modeling the impact of market-led product distribution initiatives based on estimating the net economic benefit of administration of animal health products.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model estimates the economic impact of diseases at the individual animal level for poultry, small ruminants, and cattle. The economic impact of mortality and growth inhibition associated with disease are then estimated in conjunction with the losses averted or recovered by preventing or treating the disease. Economic benefit is estimated in 2014\u20132017 values and also adjusted to 2023 values. The flexible model structure allows for addition of new geographies, new products, and increased granularity of modeled production systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Applied to the Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed) product distribution initiatives conducted in Africa and South Asia (SA) between 2014 and 2017, the model estimates an adjusted total net economic benefit of 139.9 million USD from sales of vaccines and poultry anthelminthics in these initiatives. Within SSA, the greatest net economic benefit was realized from East Coast fever and Newcastle disease vaccines, while in SA, peste des petits ruminants and Newcastle disease vaccines had the greatest net economic benefits. This translated to an adjusted $37.97 of net economic benefit on average per SSP customer, many of whom were small poultry producers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the model currently estimates impacts from mortality and growth inhibition in livestock, there is the potential to extend it to cover impacts of further initiatives, including interventions targeted at diseases that impact production of milk, eggs, and reproduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1171989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T16:25:27Z","timestamp":1686068727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A high level estimation of the net economic benefits to small-scale livestock producers arising from animal health product distribution initiatives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Bessell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Tjasink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamyaa","family":"Al-Riyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0467","article-title":"Invited review: role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries","volume":"85","author":"Randolph","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref2","author":"Rushton","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112001954","article-title":"The roles of livestock in developing countries","volume":"7","author":"Herrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0097","article-title":"The impacts of livestock diseases and their control on growth and development processes that are pro-poor","volume":"364","author":"Perry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref6","author":"Rota","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21955\/gatesopenres.1115340.1","article-title":"Livestock\u2013a fundamental component of African society and a potential route out of poverty","volume":"2019","author":"Fornace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.08.002","article-title":"The economic and poverty impacts of animal diseases in developing countries: new roles, new demands for economics and epidemiology","volume":"101","author":"Rich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref9","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-018-1934-z","article-title":"The Women\u2019s empowerment in livestock index","volume":"142","author":"Gali\u00e8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Impacts of livestock development investment documented positive impacts of livestock-related interventions in Africa","author":"Staal","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-0042-9","article-title":"Livestock policy for sustainable development","volume":"1","author":"Mehrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Food"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Transforming the livestock sector through the sustainable development goals world livestock","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0134","article-title":"Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects","volume":"365","author":"Thornton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Grace","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"A living from livestock pro-poor livestock policy initiative livestock sector development for poverty reduction: An economic and policy perspective Livestock\u2019s many virtues","author":"Otte","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/S12571-015-0482-5","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 willingness to pay for a village poultry vaccine service in Ethiopia: prospect for enhancing rural livelihoods","volume":"7","author":"Terfa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.08.022","article-title":"Assessing the impact of a novel strategy for delivering animal health interventions to smallholder farmers","volume":"147","author":"Bessell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233691","article-title":"Mortality as the primary constraint to enhancing nutritional and financial gains from poultry: a multi-year longitudinal study of smallholder farmers in western Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Otiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13756-022-01202-Y","article-title":"Antibiotic use by poultry farmers in Kiambu County, Kenya: exploring practices and drivers of potential overuse","volume":"12","author":"Kariuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160166","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0166","article-title":"Poor livestock keepers: ecosystem\u2013poverty\u2013health interactions","volume":"372","author":"Grace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref22","author":"Upton","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1136-0","article-title":"Characterising and comparing animal-health services in the Rift Valley, Kenya: an exploratory analysis (part I)","volume":"48","author":"Higham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1137-z","article-title":"Characterising and comparing drug-dispensing practices at animal health outlets in the Rift Valley, Kenya: an exploratory analysis (part II)","volume":"48","author":"Higham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189090","article-title":"Linking disease epidemiology and livestock productivity: the case of bovine respiratory disease in France","volume":"12","author":"Delabouglise","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S40795-016-0086-2","article-title":"Nutritional characterisation of low-income households of Nairobi: socioeconomic, livestock and gender considerations and predictors of malnutrition from a cross-sectional survey","volume":"2","author":"Dominguez-Salas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.11.007","article-title":"Live immunization against East Coast fever--current status","volume":"25","author":"Di Giulio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00189-6","article-title":"Roll-out of the global burden of animal diseases programme","volume":"397","author":"Rushton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref31","author":"Spickler","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref32","author":"Rovid","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104975","article-title":"An analysis of the impact of Newcastle disease vaccination and husbandry practice on smallholder chicken productivity in Uganda","volume":"177","author":"Bessell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19980007","article-title":"Village egg and fowl meat production in Africa","volume":"54","author":"Gu\u00e8ye","year":"1998","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933907001493","article-title":"Village chicken production in Myanmar\u2013purpose, magnitude and major constraints","volume":"63","author":"Henning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101082","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence of helminth infection in chickens over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Shifaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/141824","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey on parasites of chickens in selected villages in the subhumid zones of South-Eastern Nigeria","volume":"2010","author":"Nnadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9068-3","article-title":"Prevalence of parasites of the local scavenging chickens in a selected semi-arid zone of Eastern Kenya","volume":"40","author":"Mungube","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x00015972","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of helminths in rural scavenging poultry in Tanzania in relation to season and climate","volume":"71","author":"Permin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2021.h533","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Kashmir, India","volume":"8","author":"Ara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13071-021-04605-9","article-title":"Anthelmintic efficacy of fenbendazole and levamisole in native fowl in Northern Iran","volume":"14","author":"Saemi Soudkolaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey526","article-title":"Estimating the impact of administration of dewormers on smallholder chickens in Odisha state, India","volume":"98","author":"Bessell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Controlling Newcastle disease in village chickens. A field manual","author":"Alders","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref44","author":"Spickler","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v10i1.13","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Newcastle disease virus in backyard chickens in Tripoli, Libya","volume":"10","author":"Gedara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/S11250-016-1205-4","article-title":"Efficacy of vaccination with La Sota strain vaccine to control Newcastle disease in village chickens in Nepal","volume":"49","author":"Shrestha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref47","author":"Alders","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933910000516","article-title":"Technically sound and sustainable Newcastle disease control in village chickens: lessons learnt over fifteen years","volume":"66","author":"Alders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421481.ch10","article-title":"Pox","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"Tripathy","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500178972","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the incidence of major endemic and epidemic diseases affecting semi-scavenging chickens reared under the participatory livestock development project areas in Bangladesh","volume":"34","author":"Biswas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1439-0450.1993.TB00172.X","article-title":"Vaccination of chickens with live fowl pox (FP) vaccine in oil","volume":"40","author":"Peleg","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Med Ser B"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502625","article-title":"The opportunity to eradicate Peste des Petits ruminants","volume":"196","author":"Mariner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062287","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref54","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-018-1759-4","article-title":"Spread and impact of goat pox (\u201csagolay bohonta\u201d) in a village smallholder community around Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India","volume":"51","author":"Hopker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12444","article-title":"Review: Capripoxvirus diseases: current status and opportunities for control","volume":"64","author":"Tuppurainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.05.001","article-title":"Using participatory epidemiological techniques to estimate the relative incidence and impact on livelihoods of livestock diseases amongst nomadic pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya","volume":"90","author":"Bett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-171","article-title":"Design and descriptive epidemiology of the infectious diseases of east African livestock (IDEAL) project, a longitudinal calf cohort study in western Kenya","volume":"9","author":"De Bronsvoort","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.09.018","article-title":"Assessing the impact of East Coast fever immunisation by the infection and treatment method in Tanzanian pastoralist systems","volume":"97","author":"Martins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.08.013","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and economic impact of bovine theileriosis (East Coast fever) and its control: a preliminary assessment with special reference to Kibaha district, Tanzania","volume":"173","author":"Kivaria","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/S11250-011-9936-8","article-title":"East Coast fever immunisation field trial in crossbred dairy cattle in Hanang and Handeni districts in northern Tanzania","volume":"44","author":"Lynen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018417004323","article-title":"Effect of different East Coast fever control strategies on fertility, milk production and weight gain of Sanga cattle in the Central Province of Zambia","volume":"21","author":"Minjauw","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.48-57","article-title":"Exploring knowledge and management practices on ticks and tick-borne diseases among agro-pastoral communities in southern highlands, Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Kerario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet world"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"109","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref65","author":"Ahlers","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Small-scale poultry production: Technical guide","author":"Sonaiya","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Comparing smallholder poultry husbandry practices between adopters and non-adopters of Newcastle disease vaccine in India","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Comparing smallholder poultry husbandry practices between adopters and non-adopters of Newcastle disease vaccine in Tanzania","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref70","author":"Chang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-194","article-title":"Epidemiology of East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) in Kenya: past, present and the future","volume":"5","author":"Gachohi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00223","article-title":"A tool for prioritizing livestock disease threats to Scotland","volume":"7","author":"Bessell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12878","article-title":"DISCONTOOLS supplement: current research gaps for advancing control of infectious diseases in production animals","volume":"65","author":"Charlier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103684","article-title":"D2R2: an evidence-based decision support tool to aid prioritisation of animal health issues for government funding","volume":"179","author":"Gibbens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.12.014","article-title":"Estimating the costs of tsetse control options: an example for Uganda","volume":"110","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.06.013","article-title":"Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in eastern Africa","volume":"122","author":"Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.11.058","article-title":"Drivers of vaccination preferences to protect a low-value livestock resource: willingness to pay for Newcastle disease vaccines by smallholder households","volume":"37","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.07.002","article-title":"The control of East Coast fever of cattle by live parasite vaccination: a science-to-impact narrative","volume":"2","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"One Heal"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TTBDIS.2016.02.001","article-title":"The biology of Theileria parva and control of East Coast fever\u2013current status and future trends","volume":"7","author":"Nene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023395413568\/METRICS","article-title":"The impact of tick control on the productivity of indigenous cattle under ranch conditions in Uganda","volume":"35","author":"Okello-Onen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"71","article-title":"The effect of tick infestation on the productivity of cows of three breeds of cattle","volume":"58","author":"Scholtz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1171989\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T16:26:00Z","timestamp":1686068760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1171989\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1171989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1171989","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"article-number":"1171989"}}