{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:11:04Z","timestamp":1772820664984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It is considered endemic in Eritrea, however, the current prevalence status and related risk factors in animals are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub regions, Eritrea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross sectional study was conducted between August 2021 and February 2022. A total of 2,740 dairy cattle from 214 herds in 10 sub-regions of Eritrea were selected for blood and data collection. Blood samples were tested using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed using competitive (c-ELISA). Data on risk factors was collected using questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 34\/2740 animals tested positive by RBPT. Of these, 29 were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an apparent and estimated true individual-level prevalence of 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7, 1.5%) and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 1.8%), respectively. Sixteen herds (7.5%) tested positive by RBPT and of these 15 herds (7.0%) were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an estimated true herd-level prevalence of 7.0% (95% CI: 4.0, 10.7). Animal and herd-level apparent prevalence was 1.6 and 9.2% in Maekel, while in Debub it was 0.6 and 5.5%, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that non-pregnant lactating cows (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u2009=\u20093.35; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) were more likely to be <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> sero-positive. History of abortion on the farm (aOR\u2009=\u20095.71; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.026) and larger number of cows in the herd (aOR\u2009=\u20091.14; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) were associated with brucellosis sero-positivity in herds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brucellosis prevalence was low in the study areas. Nonetheless, this low prevalence may increase if the disease is not controlled. Therefore, testing animals before movement, good farming practices, sanitary measures, and an awareness raising program on brucellosis are recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1177572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T05:56:39Z","timestamp":1686808599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub Regions, Eritrea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ghebremeskel Habteyohannes","family":"Efrem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bereket","family":"Mihreteab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Ghebremariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tekeste","family":"Okbamichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosief","family":"Ghebresilasie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siobhan M.","family":"Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gezahegne","family":"Mamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2197","article-title":"Economics of brucellosis impact and control in low-income countries","volume":"32","author":"McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office International des \u00c9pizooties"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007","article-title":"Brucellosis at the animal\/ecosystem\/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century","volume":"102","author":"Godfroid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"CorbelMJ\n          2006"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"963","volume-title":"Veterinary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep","author":"Radostits","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.21010\/ajid.v10i2.6","article-title":"The prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and their handlers in NORTH TONGU district of VOLTA region, GHANA","volume":"10","author":"Tasaime","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"The health impacts of peri-urban natural resource development","author":"Birley","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"The Merck veterinary manual","author":"Aiello","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACTATROPICA.2016.09.016","article-title":"Large-scale study of herd-level risk factors for bovine brucellosis in Brazil","volume":"164","author":"de Alencar Mota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1331-7","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for bovine brucellosis in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) in Tibet, China","volume":"49","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-60","article-title":"Herd prevalence of bovine brucellosis and analysis of risk factors in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of the Kampala economic zone Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Makita","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"CoelhoAC\n            Garc\u00eda D\u00edezJ\n            CoelhoAM\n          2015"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1002","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v83i1.1002","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis among slaughtered cattle in Nigeria","volume":"83","author":"Akinseye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Primi dati sulla diffusione dell\u2019 infezione brucellare nel ovine e caprini del\u2019 Eritrea","volume":"2","author":"Cilli","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bollentino Della Sociata\u2019 Italiana Di Medecina E Igiene Tropicale(Sezione Eritrea)-Asmara"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The beginning, development and organization of the veterinary service and the veterinary Institute in Eritrea (1970)","author":"Call","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Prevalence of bovine brucellosis in Asmara dairy farms. 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