{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:00:34Z","timestamp":1791979234583,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs with medial patellar luxation can be affected by pelvic limb deformities whose corrective osteotomies and associated biomechanical rebalancing might provide higher success rates than standard surgical procedures limited to the stifle joint. In bilaterally affected canine patients, comparison with the contralateral normal limb is impossible. Reference values are useful for orthopedic decision-making. Inconsistency of published reference values might depend on methodology or canine breed. We hypothesized that canine pelvic limb alignment is breed-specific.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CT scans of 42 pelvic limbs of dog breeds predisposed for medial patellar luxation, with an orthotopic patellar position and stability were studied. Several angleswere measured with an open-source 3D Slicer plugin using vector calculations. The breeds were compared with a general linear model with a Bonferonni adjustment using SPSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Jack Russel Terriers, Pugs, French Bulldogs, Maltese were examined. In the order of the listed breeds, the angles were as follows: 28.3\u00b0\u00b110.7\u00b0, 20.1\u00b0\u00b12.9\u00b0, 35.4\u00b0\u00b16.9\u00b0, 32.8\u00b0\u00b13.0\u00b0, 19.0\u00b0\u00b17.1\u00b0, 26.6\u00b0\u00b15.3\u00b0 for the antetorsion, 5.3\u00b0\u00b11.8\u00b0, 2.8\u00b0\u00b12.8\u00b0, 8\u00b0\u00b14.4\u00b0, 3.8 \u00b0\u00b13.1\u00b0, 4.7\u00b0\u00b13.3\u00b0, 2.3\u00b0\u00b13.3\u00b0 for the femoral varus, of \u22125.5\u00b0\u00b16.2\u00b0, 1.1\u00b0\u00b14.1\u00b0, \u22125.2\u00b0\u00b19.5\u00b0, 6.1\u00b0\u00b18.0\u00b0, \u22120.1\u00b0\u00b15.9\u00b0, \u22129.2\u00b0\u00b14.7\u00b0 for the tibial torsion, 2.0\u00b0\u00b12.9\u00b0, 2.1\u00b0\u00b12.7\u00b0, 6.4\u00b0\u00b16.8\u00b0, 0.0\u00b0\u00b15.7\u00b0, 3.0\u00b0\u00b15.8\u00b0, 8.8\u00b0\u00b18.6\u00b0 for the tibial valgus, 1.2\u00b0\u00b110.4\u00b0, 1.8\u00b0\u00b13.4\u00b0, \u22121.7\u00b0\u00b14.9\u00b0, \u22121.7\u00b0\u00b19.4\u00b0, 5.1\u00b0\u00b18.8\u00b0, \u22120.2\u00b0\u00b18.6\u00b0 for the femorotibial rotation and \u22123.4\u00b0\u00b12.2\u00b0, 1.1\u00b0\u00b14.1\u00b0, \u22122.8\u00b0\u00b13.4\u00b0, \u22125.2\u00b0\u00b14.0\u00b0, \u22122.1\u00b0\u00b14.4\u00b0, \u22125.4\u00b0\u00b13.7\u00b0 for the tibiotalar rotation. There were significant differences between breeds in femoral torsion, femoral varus, and tibial torsion angles, but no significant differences in tibial valgus, femorotibial, and tibiotalar rotation angles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our hypothesis is therefore partially correct. Our results are limited to small dogs prone to medial patellar luxation and might not be generalized. To establish robust reference values larger case numbers and more breeds should be evaluated. In conclusion, canine pelvic limb alignment reference values for small dogs with a predisposition for medial patellar luxation should be considered breed-specific.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1194167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T17:00:06Z","timestamp":1689267606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of CT-measured angles of pelvic limbs without patellar luxation of six canine breeds"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Br\u00fchschwein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette","family":"Burg-Personnaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Z\u00f6llner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Meyer-Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214579","article-title":"Femoral and tibial alignments in chihuahuas with patellar luxation by radiograph: Angular values and intra- and inter-observer agreement of measurements","volume":"14","author":"Aghapour","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12253","article-title":"Are the fabellae bisected by the femoral cortices in a true craniocaudal pelvic limb radiograph?","volume":"55","author":"Aiken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S142545","article-title":"Patellar luxation in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Di Dona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Med."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"510","article-title":"Large breed MPL clinical evaluation and planning for DFO","author":"Bruecker","year":"","journal-title":"DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVS Institution: Veterinary Medical and Surgical Group, Ventura California, Meeting: 2010 ACVS Veterinary Symposium"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00004.x","article-title":"Patellar luxation in 70 large breed dogs","volume":"47","author":"Gibbons","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.28420","article-title":"Magnetic resonance measurements of the deviation of the angle of force generated by contraction of the quadriceps muscle in dogs with congenital patellar luxation","volume":"30","author":"Kaiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00913.x","article-title":"The correlation of canine patellar luxation and the anteversion angle as measured using magnetic resonance images","volume":"42","author":"Kaiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Medial Patellar Luxation: Optimizing Outcome6327\n            KowaleskiMP"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-16-07-0116","article-title":"Belesini A, Martini FM. 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