{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T20:48:35Z","timestamp":1793652515059,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last 5 years, interest has grown in using phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), in veterinary medicine to treat several pathologies, including pain, epilepsy, anxiety, nausea, anorexia, skin lesions, and even some types of cancer, among others. Indeed, due to a positive perception of CBD use, many pet owners are increasingly requesting this option to relieve their pets, and many veterinarians are exploring this possibility for their patients. Besides the widespread empiric use of CBD in pets, the research is trying to obtain proof of its efficacy and lack of adverse effects and to know its pharmacokinetics to define an appropriate posology. This review summarizes all data published so far about the canine pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of CBD and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Despite a certain number of available pharmacokinetic studies, the kinetic profile of CBD has yet to be fully known, probably because of the very different experimental conditions. In terms of efficacy, most studies have tested CBD\u2019 ability to relieve osteoarthritic pain. In contrast, few studies have evaluated its role in epilepsy, behavioral disorders, and skin lesions. From obtained results, some evidence exists supporting the beneficial role of CBD. Nevertheless, the limited number of published studies and the occurrence of bias in almost all require caution in interpreting findings. From tolerability studies, CBD\u2019 side effects can be classified as mild or unremarkable. However, studies were prevalently focused on short- to medium-term treatment, while CBD is usually employed for long-term treatment. Further studies are warranted to define better whether CBD could be a valid adjunct in canine treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1204526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T11:53:43Z","timestamp":1688126023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of cannabidiol in dogs: an update of current knowledge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Di Salvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Beatrice","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"della Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The endocannabinoidome: the world of endocannabinoids and related mediators","author":"Di Marzo","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14331","article-title":"Insights into the effects of the endocannabinoid system in cancer: a review","volume":"175","author":"Fraguas-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13710","article-title":"A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"130","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2011.01.003","article-title":"Identification of cannabinoid type 1 receptor in dog hair follicles","volume":"114","author":"Mercati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.7.988","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 expression in the skin of healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis","volume":"73","author":"Campora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12694","article-title":"Expression of functional TRPV1 receptor in primary culture of canine  keratinocytes","volume":"41","author":"Barbero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915896","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.915896","article-title":"Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in keratinocytes of healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Chiocchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987132","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.987132","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors in the inflammatory cells of canine atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Chiocchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9379-0","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of CB1 receptor in canine salivary glands","volume":"34","author":"Dall'Aglio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-018-1684-7","article-title":"Localization of cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, GPR55, and PPAR\u03b1 in the canine gastrointestinal tract","volume":"150","author":"Galiazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181064","article-title":"Spatial distribution of cannabinoid receptor type1 (CB1) in normal canine central and peripheral nervous system","volume":"12","author":"Freundt-Revilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.02.002","article-title":"Immunohistochemical distribution of the cannabinoid receptor 1 and fatty acid amide hydrolase in the dog claustrum","volume":"74","author":"Pirone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00313","article-title":"Cellular distribution of canonical and putative cannabinoid receptors in canine cervical dorsal root ganglia","volume":"6","author":"Chiocchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1245-7","article-title":"Characterization of endocannabinoids and related acylethanolamides in the synovial fluid of dogs with osteoarthritis: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Valastro","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1616-0","article-title":"Preferential epithelial expression of type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) in the developing canine embryo","volume":"4","author":"Pirone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68317-7_5","article-title":"Cannabinoids for pain management","volume-title":"Cannabis therapy in veterinary medicine","author":"Mosley","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68317-7_6","article-title":"Cannabinoids for neurological conditions","volume-title":"Cannabis therapy in veterinary medicine","author":"Williamson","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68317-7_7","article-title":"Well Being","volume-title":"Cannabis therapy in veterinary medicine","author":"Peyton","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68317-7_8","article-title":"Cannabinoids for gastrointestinal health","volume-title":"Cannabis therapy in veterinary medicine","author":"McCabe","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68317-7_9","article-title":"Dermatology: endocannabinoids and related N-Acylethanolamines in the skin","volume-title":"Cannabis therapy in veterinary medicine","author":"Miragliotta","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68317-7_10","article-title":"Cannabinoids in oncology and immune response","volume-title":"Cannabis therapy in veterinary medicine","author":"de Lorimier","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"749","article-title":"Canadian dog owners' use and perceptions of cannabis products","volume":"60","author":"Kogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00338","article-title":"US Veterinarians' knowledge, experience, and perception regarding the use of Cannabidiol for canine medical conditions","volume":"5","author":"Kogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13016","article-title":"Current review of hemp-based medicines in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Coelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00165","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of Cannabidiol treatment in osteoarthritic dogs","volume":"5","author":"Gamble","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"178","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered by 3 delivery methods at 2 different dosages to healthy dogs","volume":"3","author":"Bartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583404","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583404","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of various Oral doses of a novel 1:20 THC:CBD Cannabis herbal extract in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Chicoine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100832","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety assessment with use of CBD-rich hemp nutraceutical in healthy dogs and cats","volume":"9","author":"Deabold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104152","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1104152","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol following single oral and oral transmucosal administration in dogs","volume":"9","author":"della Rocca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.08.0120","article-title":"Drug-drug interaction between cannabidiol and phenobarbital in healthy dogs","volume":"83","author":"Doran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899940","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.899940","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol following intranasal, intrarectal, and oral administration in healthy dogs","volume":"9","author":"Polidoro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020279","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Sativex\u00ae in dogs: towards a potential cannabinoid-based therapy for canine disorders","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Trapero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v10i7.2907","article-title":"Twenty-four hour and one-week steady state pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids in two formulations of Cannabidiol and Cannabidiolic acid rich hemp in dogs","volume":"10","author":"Tittle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Res Archiv"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00505","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic acid, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and related metabolites in canine serum after dosing with three Oral forms of hemp extract","volume":"7","author":"Wakshlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.5.405","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled, 28-day safety and pharmacokinetics evaluation of repeated oral cannabidiol administration in healthy dogs","volume":"82","author":"Vaughn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"469","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in dogs","volume":"16","author":"Samara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510110906","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of urinary metabolites of cannabidiol in the dog","volume":"11","author":"Samara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.08.011","article-title":"Oral transmucosal drug delivery for pediatric use","volume":"73","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12506","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenous gentamicin in healthy young-adult compared to aged alpacas","volume":"41","author":"Gestrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17225-0","article-title":"Sex-related pharmacokinetic differences and mechanisms of metapristone (RU486 metabolite)","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94212-6","article-title":"Cannabis constituents interact at the drug efflux pump BCRP to markedly increase plasma cannabidiolic acid concentrations","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2001.0361","article-title":"Endocannabinoids in pain modulation","volume":"66","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"59","article-title":"Is cannabis an effective treatment for joint pain?","volume":"35","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-5900(00)90082-8","article-title":"Cannabinoids modulate pain by multiple mechanisms of action","volume":"1","author":"Richardson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-3084(02)00152-4","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and related fatty acid derivatives in pain modulation","volume":"121","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0082(00)00031-9","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors and pain","volume":"63","author":"Pertwee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/s1471-4892(01)00120-5","article-title":"Cannabinoids: a real prospect for pain relief?","volume":"2","author":"Iversen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(02)00663-9","article-title":"Pharmacologie des d\u00e9riv\u00e9s cannabinoides: applications au traitement de la douleur?","volume":"21","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth R\u00e9anim"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2001.0362","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and pain: spinal and peripheral analgesia in inflammation and neuropathy","volume":"66","author":"Rice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-3084(02)00155-x","article-title":"Inhibition of pain responses by activation of CB(2) cannabinoid receptors","volume":"121","author":"Malan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5030067","article-title":"Plant-based cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"5","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.020","article-title":"Cannabinoids and cancer pain: a new hope or a false dawn?","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.03.012","article-title":"Cannabis and joints: scientific evidence for the alleviation of osteoarthritis pain by cannabinoids","volume":"40","author":"O'Brien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"35","article-title":"The use of cannabidiol-rich hemp oil extract to treat canine osteoarthritis-related pain: a pilot study","volume":"58","author":"Kogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"AHVMA J"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001896","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of daily cannabidiol for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis pain","volume":"161","author":"Verrico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091505","article-title":"Oral transmucosal cannabidiol oil formulation as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen: effects on pain relief and quality of life improvement in dogs affected by spontaneous osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Brioschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7119","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of Cannabidiol on naturally occurring osteoarthritis-associated pain: a pilot study in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Mejia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036056","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1036056","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of a cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid rich hemp extract for pain in dogs following a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"9","author":"Klatzkow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Evaluating the benefits of cannabidiol for analgesia following surgery for intervertebral disc herniation in dogs","author":"Wright","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.03.005","article-title":"Cannabidiol and epilepsy: rationale and therapeutic potential","volume":"107","author":"Leo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2174\/1874205X01711010061","article-title":"Do cannabinoids confer neuroprotection against epilepsy? An Overview","volume":"11","author":"Capasso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Neurol J"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.08.135","article-title":"Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy--from receptors to clinical response","volume":"41","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5000524","article-title":"Nonpsychotropic plant cannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and cannabidiol (CBD), activate and desensitize transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in vitro: potential for the treatment of neuronal hyperexcitability","volume":"5","author":"Iannotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0882-y","article-title":"Cannabis for the treatment of epilepsy: an update","volume":"18","author":"Gaston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1135","article-title":"The proposed mechanisms of action of CBD in epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708304","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.708304","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the deadly: Adenosinergic mechanisms underlying sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Purnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.11.1301","article-title":"Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of oral cannabidiol administration in addition to conventional antiepileptic treatment on seizure frequency in dogs with intractable idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"254","author":"McGrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939966","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.939966","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of cannabidiol-cannabidiolic acid rich hemp extract in the treatment of refractory epileptic seizures in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21071\/pbs.v0i7.11800","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a potential anti-epileptic dietary supplement in dogs with suspected epilepsy: three case reports","volume":"7","author":"Mogi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pet Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0387-1","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders","volume":"12","author":"Blessing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2015-0058","article-title":"Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety-related disorders","volume":"27","author":"Korem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.207","article-title":"Opposing roles for cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB\u2081) and transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel (TRPV1) on the modulation of panic-like responses in rats","volume":"37","author":"Casarotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2174\/157488912798842269","article-title":"Cannabinoid-related agents in the treatment of anxiety disorders: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Tambaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569565","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.569565","article-title":"The impact of feeding Cannabidiol (CBD) containing treats on canine response to a noise-induced fear response test","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82439-2","article-title":"Cannabis sativa L. may reduce aggressive behaviour towards humans in shelter dogs","volume":"11","author":"Corsetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112604","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1112604","article-title":"A single dose of cannabidiol (CBD) positively influences measures of stress in dogs during separation and car travel","volume":"10","author":"Hunt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.10.003","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide, endocannabinoids and related cannabimimetic compounds in protection against tissue inflammation and pain: potential use in companion animals","volume":"173","author":"Re","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091186","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide and related ALIAmides for small animal health: state of the art","volume":"12","author":"Della Rocca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142265","article-title":"Attenuation of allergic contact dermatitis through the endocannabinoid system","volume":"316","author":"Karsak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.244368","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of Cannabidiol, a nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, in experimental allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"365","author":"Petrosino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12250","article-title":"Efficacy of ultra-micronized palmitoylethanolamide in canine atopic dermatitis: an open-label multi-Centre study","volume":"26","author":"Noli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13077","article-title":"The effect of a mixed cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid based oil on client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Loewinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"423","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol without delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on canine atopic dermatitis: a retrospective assessment of 8 cases","volume":"63","author":"Mogi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645667","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.645667","article-title":"Feeding Cannabidiol (CBD)-containing treats did not affect canine daily voluntary activity","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/18-041","article-title":"Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: a large case series","volume":"23","author":"Shannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00379-8","article-title":"Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial","volume":"15","author":"Devinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30136-3","article-title":"Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"391","author":"Thiele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00051","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of the safety of escalating cannabinoid doses in healthy dogs","volume":"7","author":"Vaughn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977457","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.977457","article-title":"Long-term daily feeding of cannabidiol is well-tolerated by healthy dogs","volume":"9","author":"Bradley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-081122-070236","article-title":"Scientific validation of Cannabidiol for Management of dog and cat Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Corsato Alvarenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref92","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"34","article-title":"A report of adverse effects associated with the Administration of Cannabidiol in healthy dogs","volume":"52","author":"McGrath","year":"2018","journal-title":"AHVMA J"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.21767\/2386-5180.100304","article-title":"Effects on pain and mobility of a new diet supplement in dogs with osteoarthritis: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Martello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Res"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12876","article-title":"Probable cutaneous adverse drug reaction due to a cannabidiol-containing hemp oil product in a dog","volume":"31","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6760272","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6760272","article-title":"Commercial cannabinoid oil-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome","volume":"2020","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90432-2","article-title":"Effect of cannabidiol on cytochrome P-450 isozymes","volume":"38","author":"Bornheim","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/1357-2725(95)00043-o","article-title":"Recent advances in the metabolism of cannabinoids","volume":"27","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"202","article-title":"Dosage Regimens","volume-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics: Principles, techniques, and applications","author":"Riviere","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252321000189","article-title":"Use of cannabis in the treatment of animals: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070989","article-title":"Potential adverse drug events and drug-drug interactions with medical and consumer Cannabidiol (CBD) use","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051230","article-title":"Quality traits of \u201ccannabidiol oils\u201d: cannabinoids content, terpene fingerprint and oxidation stability of European commercially available preparations","volume":"23","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1204526\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T11:54:04Z","timestamp":1688126044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1204526\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1204526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1204526","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"article-number":"1204526"}}