{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:13:39Z","timestamp":1788452019506,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the success rate of orthodontic treatment of linguoverted mandibular canines in dogs using a directly applied inclined plane device. Medical records were retrospectively evaluated at 11 veterinary dental specialty hospitals from 1999 to 2021. Malocclusion classes included 41.7% in class 1, 47.2% in class 2, 6.9% in class 3, and 4.2% in class 4. The severity of linguoversion was mild in 7.6% of teeth, moderate in 33.9%, and severe in 58.5%. There was complete resolution of linguoversion in 71.2% of teeth, functional resolution in 25.4%, and failure in 3.4%. The median treatment time was 42 (11\u2013174) days. Adjuvant orthodontic treatments were performed at the same time as the inclined plane in 45.7% of teeth, including active force orthodontics, extractions of non-strategic teeth, gingivectomy, and odontoplasty. While the inclined plane was in place, 31.4% of dogs required an anesthetized appliance adjustment, and at the time of appliance removal, complications occurred in 19.4% of dogs. Of the teeth that had initial resolution, 14.4% had rebound movement that required additional treatment. This study supports the idea that an acrylic inclined plane is a good treatment option for linguoverted mandibular canines, with a 96.6% success rate within a median of 6 weeks. Yet, orthodontic retention may be necessary in these cases to avoid the need for additional therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1224391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T12:14:09Z","timestamp":1691669649000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Success of orthodontic treatment of linguoverted mandibular canine teeth using a direct inclined plane appliance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Leah","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Goldschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/08987564221141826","article-title":"Prevalence of dental and skeletal malocclusions in mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic dogs\u2014a retrospective study (2015\u20132018)","volume":"40","author":"Berman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0898756418774886","article-title":"Assessment of temporary crown extensions to correct linguoverted mandibular canine teeth in 72 client-owned dogs (2012-2016)","volume":"35","author":"Storli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"60","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment using a direct acrylic inclined plane","volume":"22","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22233\/9781905319602.10","article-title":"Management of dental, oral, and maxillofacial developmental disorders","author":"Reiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry and Oral Surgery"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649901600202","article-title":"A removable orthodontic device for the treatment of lingually displaced mandibular canine teeth in young dogs","volume":"16","author":"Verhaert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641303000314","article-title":"Gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and osteoplasty for mandibular canine tooth malocclusion","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.4.449","article-title":"Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001-2011)","volume":"244","author":"Luotonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/089875640101800302","article-title":"Assessment of vital pulp therapy for nine complicated crown fractures and fifty-four crown reductions in dogs and cats","volume":"18","author":"Niemiec","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-7675-6.00024-3","article-title":"Extraction of canine teeth in dogs","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118816219.ch16","article-title":"Advanced endodontic therapy","author":"Lobprise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiggs's Veterinary Dentistry: Principles and Practice"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/089875640802500406","article-title":"Cast metal bilateral telescoping inclined plane for malocclusion in a dog","volume":"25","author":"Bannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641303000405","article-title":"Thermoplastic inclined plane aligner for correction of bilateral mandibular canine tooth distoclusion in a cat","volume":"30","author":"Blazejewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649601300202","article-title":"Orthodontic correction of lingually displaced canine teeth in a young dog using light-cured acrylic resin","volume":"13","author":"Hale","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/0898756416677395","article-title":"Management of mesioverted maxillary canine teeth and linguoverted mandibular canine teeth","volume":"33","author":"Volker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/089875640702400104","article-title":"Orthodontic correction of a base narrow mandibular canine tooth in a cat","volume":"24","author":"Van","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649501200409","article-title":"Management of lingually displaced mandibular canine teeth in five bull terrier dogs","volume":"12","author":"Pavlica","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(96)70082-3","article-title":"Magnitude of orthodontic forces and rate of bodily tooth movement. An experimental study","volume":"110","author":"Pilon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjv070","article-title":"Slow and fast orthodontic tooth movement: an experimental study on humans","volume":"38","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.12.013","article-title":"Histomorphometric evaluation of alveolar bone turnover between the maxilla and the mandible during experimental tooth movement in dogs","volume":"133","author":"Deguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2005.02.002","article-title":"Fundamentals of small animal orthodontics","volume":"35","author":"Surgeon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am - Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.12.009","article-title":"Factors related to the rate of orthodontically induced tooth movement","volume":"143","author":"Dudic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-019-00206-5","article-title":"Age effect on orthodontic tooth movement rate and the composition of gingival crevicular fluid : a literature review","volume":"81","author":"Schubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649200900201","article-title":"Craniofacial development and growth in the dog","volume":"9","author":"Hennet","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.2027S","article-title":"Body-weight changes during growth in puppies of different breeds","author":"Hawthorne","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641002700113","article-title":"Building a telescopic inclined plane intraorally","volume":"27","author":"Legendre","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"248","article-title":"The biologic basis of orthodontic therapy","author":"Proffit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118816219.ch19","article-title":"Occlusion and orthodontics","author":"Lobprise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiggs's Veterinary Dentistry: Principles and Practice"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.20431\/2456-0030.0403002","article-title":"Understanding anchorage in orthodontics","volume":"4","author":"Nahidh","year":"2019","journal-title":"ARC J Dent Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13523","article-title":"Do orthodontic tooth movements induce pulp necrosis? A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Weissheimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Endod J."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"24","article-title":"Impact of orthodontic forces on pulp reaction: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Dallel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Heal Med Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0898756420946500","article-title":"The incidence of radiographic lesions of endodontic origin associated with uncomplicated crown fractures of the maxillary fourth premolar in canine patients","volume":"37","author":"Goodman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/585048","article-title":"The effect of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a review of the literature","volume":"2014","author":"Alfuriji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dent."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70261-6","article-title":"Toward a perspective on orthodontic retention?","volume":"113","author":"Melrose","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12475","article-title":"Retention and relapse in clinical practice","volume":"1","author":"Littlewood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust Dent J."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"579","article-title":"Retention","author":"Proffit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2003.00024.x","article-title":"The effect of retention on orthodontic relapse after the use of small continuous or discontinuous forces An experimental study in beagle dogs","volume":"111","author":"Van Leeuwen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.47","article-title":"Retention in orthodontics","volume":"218","author":"Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br Dent J."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641503200302","article-title":"The influence of crown height to diameter ratio on the force to fracture of canine teeth in dogs","volume":"32","author":"Soukup","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Dent."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1224391\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T12:14:15Z","timestamp":1691669655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1224391\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1224391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1224391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"article-number":"1224391"}}