{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:03:43Z","timestamp":1789668223953,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ESBL\/AmpC-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and the resistance pattern of commensal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, as well as the link between the use of antibiotics (AMU) and the occurrence of resistance in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> on Austrian dairy farms. AMU data from 51 farms were collected over a one-year period in 2020. Fecal samples were collected from cows, pre-weaned and weaned calves in 2020 and 2022. Samples were then analyzed using non-selective and selective agar plates, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis. Broth microdilution was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The AMU of each farm was quantified as the number of Defined Daily Doses (nDDD<jats:sub>vet<\/jats:sub>) and Defined Course Doses (nDCD<jats:sub>vet<\/jats:sub>) per cow and year. Cephalosporins (mean 1.049; median 0.732 DDD<jats:sub>vet<\/jats:sub>\/cow\/year) and penicillins (mean 0.667; median 0.383 DDD<jats:sub>vet<\/jats:sub>\/cow\/year) were the most frequently used antibiotics on these farms, followed by tetracyclines (mean 0.275; median 0.084 DDD<jats:sub>vet<\/jats:sub>\/cow\/year). In 2020, 26.8% of the <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolated were resistant to at least one antibiotic class and 17.7% of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (\u22653 antibiotic classes). Out of 198 <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates, 7.6% were identified as extended-spectrum\/AmpC beta-lactamase (ESBL\/AmpC) producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. In 2022, 33.7% of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic and 20.0% of isolates displayed multidrug resistance. Furthermore, 29.5% of the samples carried ESBL\/AmpC-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. In 2020 and 2022, the most frequently determined antibiotic resistances among commensal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were to tetracyclines, sulfonamides and penicillins. In addition, pre-weaned calves had the highest resistance rates in both years. Statistical analyses showed a significant association between low and high use AMU classifications for penicillins (in nDDD<jats:sub>vet<\/jats:sub>\/cow\/year) and their respective resistance among commensal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates in 2020 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.044), as well as for sulfonamide\/trimethoprim (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010) and tetracyclines (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042). A trend was also noted between the total amount of antibiotics used on farm in 2020 (by nDDD<jats:sub>vet<\/jats:sub>\/cow\/year) and multidrug resistances in commensal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolated on farm that year (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.067). In conclusion, the relationship between AMU and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on dairy farms continues to be complex and difficult to quantify.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1225826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T18:58:28Z","timestamp":1689965908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance and its relationship with antimicrobial use on Austrian dairy farms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"K\u00e4sbohrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wasner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"K\u00f6berl-Jelovcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian G.","family":"Vetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Egger-Danner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Obritzhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clair L.","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"WHO global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance, world health Organisatin. 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