{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:52:03Z","timestamp":1770421923214,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine long-term survival rate, defined as survival to 1\u2009year after discharge from the hospital, and rate of return to prior athletic, breeding, or other function in horses undergoing colic surgery at the first presentation at one referral hospital in the Pacific northwest region of the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Records were reviewed for all horses that underwent colic surgery between October 2014 and October 2021. Owners of horses that survived to discharge were contacted to obtain follow-up information via internet-based questionnaire or telephone interview. The percentage of horses that survived to 1\u2009year after discharge, rates of return to function, and complications occurring after hospital discharge were determined. The possible association of patient signalment, lesion type, and surgical procedures with long-term survival was examined with Chi-square and Fisher\u2019s exact tests. Overall satisfaction was indicated on a scale of 1 (unsatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 185 horses that underwent surgical intervention for colic and met the inclusion criteria, 134 horses recovered from anesthesia, with 106 of these recovered horses (79.1%) surviving to discharge. Of the 71 horses for which follow-up information was obtained, 61 horses survived to 1\u2009year after discharge (long-term survival rate of 85.9%). There were no demographic, lesion type, or surgical procedure variables significantly associated with long-term survival. Prior to surgery, 59\/71 horses (83.1%) were engaged in some type of athletic activity. After surgery, 44\/61 horses (72.1%) were reported to be athletically active. Only one horse was reported to be retired from athletic activity as a direct result of a complication from surgery. Overall satisfaction with the decision to proceed with colic surgery was rated by all respondents as 4 or 5.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and clinical relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The long-term survival for this sample of horses was similar to previously published reports of long-term survival after colic surgery. Horses that survived to hospital discharge were highly likely to remain alive and be athletically active 1\u2009year later. There were no factors related to the signalment of the horse, the specific cause of colic, or the surgical procedures performed that were significantly associated with likelihood of survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1235198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T09:01:52Z","timestamp":1696410112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-term outcome after colic surgery: retrospective study of 106 horses in the USA (2014\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lisbeth B.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Macarena","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra C.","family":"Sellon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13173","article-title":"Horse owners' knowledge, and opinions on recognising colic in the horse","volume":"52","author":"Bowden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002044","article-title":"Risk factors associated with colic in horses","volume":"33","author":"Goncalves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v80i3.196","article-title":"After-hours equine emergency admissions at a university referral hospital (1998-2007): causes and interventions","volume":"80","author":"Viljoen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00490.x","article-title":"Sporting activity following colic surgery in horses: a retrospective study","volume":"40","author":"Christophersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-S1-S1","article-title":"Could it be colic? Horse-owner decision making and practices in response to equine colic","volume":"10","author":"Scantlebury","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00615.x","article-title":"Return to use and performance following exploratory celiotomy for colic in horses: 195 cases (2003-2010)","volume":"45","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0273-9","article-title":"Long-term follow-up on recovery, return to use and sporting activity: a retrospective study of 236 operated colic horses in Finland (2006-2012)","volume":"59","author":"Immonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054529445","article-title":"Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 3: long-term complications and survival","volume":"37","author":"Mair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03157.x","article-title":"Prospective study of equine colic incidence and mortality","volume":"29","author":"Tinker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103012","article-title":"Colic surgery in horses: a retrospective study into short- and long-term survival rate, complications and rehabilitation toward sporting activity","volume":"90","author":"van Loon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Equine Vet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20180506","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of treatment of horses with colic over a period of 15 years","volume":"34","author":"van den Boom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde Equine Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-56-20","article-title":"Short-term survival and mortality rates in a retrospective study of colic in 1588 Danish horses","volume":"56","author":"Christophersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12143.x","article-title":"A retrospective study comparing the outcome of horses undergoing small intestinal resection and anastomosis with a single layer (Lembert) or double layer (simple continuous and Cushing) technique","volume":"43","author":"Close","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.01.001","article-title":"The effect of core abdominal muscle rehabilitation exercises on return to training and performance in horses after colic surgery","volume":"75","author":"Holcombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Equine Vet"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.4.532","article-title":"Evaluation of racing performance after colic surgery in thoroughbreds: 85 cases (1996-2010)","volume":"243","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-022-00631-4","article-title":"Short-term survival rates of 1397 horses referred for colic from 2010 to 2018","volume":"64","author":"Dybkjaer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12216","article-title":"Long-term survival in horses with strangulating obstruction of the small intestine managed without resection","volume":"46","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.17221\/1936-Vetmed","article-title":"Long-term survival and complications of colic surgery in horses: analysis of 331 cases","volume":"53","author":"Mezerova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Med-Czech"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776117845","article-title":"Long-term survival of equine surgical colic cases. Part 1: patterns of mortality and morbidity","volume":"34","author":"Proudman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061107","article-title":"Short-term survival and postoperative complications rates in horses undergoing colic surgery: a multicentre study","volume":"13","author":"Spadari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12143","article-title":"Comparison of short- and long-term complications and survival following jejunojejunostomy, jejunoileostomy and jejunocaecostomy in 112 horses: 2005-2010","volume":"46","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9100545","article-title":"Retrospective study on risk factors and short-term outcome of horses referred for colic from 2016 to 2022","volume":"9","author":"Stratico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776117881","article-title":"Long-term survival of equine surgical colic cases. Part 2: modelling postoperative survival","volume":"34","author":"Proudman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X266079","article-title":"Risk factors for epiploic foramen entrapment colic: an international study","volume":"40","author":"Archer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-2-27","article-title":"Is equine colic seasonal? Novel application of a model based approach","volume":"2","author":"Archer","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020403","article-title":"Incomplete ileocecal bypass for ileal pathology in horses: 21 cases (2012-2019)","volume":"11","author":"Giusto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.5","article-title":"Comparison of liberal and goal-directed fluid therapy after small intestinal surgery for strangulating lesions in horses","volume":"188","author":"Giusto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(89)90006-8","article-title":"Association of age, sex and breed factors in acute equine colic - a retrospective study of 320 cases admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital in the USA","volume":"7","author":"Reeves","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Demographics of the U.S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine population"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215913","article-title":"Selection signatures in four German warmblood horse breeds: tracing breeding history in the modern sport horse","volume":"14","author":"Nolte","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12817","article-title":"Fifty years of colic surgery","volume":"50","author":"Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2018.11.001","article-title":"Exploratory celiotomy in the horse secondary to acute colic: a review of indications and success rates","volume":"34","author":"Gardner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111375","article-title":"Predictive models for equine emergency exploratory laparotomy in Spain: pre-, intra-, and post-operative-mortality-associated factors","volume":"12","author":"Iglesias-Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02459.x","article-title":"Prognosis in equine medical and surgical colic","volume":"17","author":"van der Linden","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950x.1990.tb01116.x","article-title":"Survival after small intestine resection and anastomosis in horses","volume":"18","author":"MacDonald","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054529409","article-title":"Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: short-term survival following a single laparotomy","volume":"37","author":"Mair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03626.x","article-title":"Study of variables commonly used in examination of equine colic cases to assess prognostic value","volume":"18","author":"Puotunen-Reinert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12517","article-title":"Prevention of post operative complications following surgical treatment of equine colic: current evidence","volume":"48","author":"Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12564","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection following laparotomy: effect of season and perioperative variables and reporting of bacterial isolates in 287 horses","volume":"49","author":"Isgren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.12.1441","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk of incisional infection in horses following application of protective dressings after exploratory celiotomy for treatment of colic","volume":"254","author":"Kilcoyne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054529364","article-title":"Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 2: short-term complications","volume":"37","author":"Mair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030140","article-title":"Identifying sources of potential bias when using online survey data to explore horse training, management, and behaviour: a systematic literature review","volume":"7","author":"Fenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1235198\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T09:01:55Z","timestamp":1696410115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1235198\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1235198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1235198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"article-number":"1235198"}}