{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:25:25Z","timestamp":1793413525234,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dromedary camels robustly withstand dehydration, and the rough desert environment but the adaptation mechanisms are not well understood. One of these mechanisms is that the dromedary camel increases its body temperature to reduce the process of evaporative cooling during the hot weather. Stress in general, has deleterious effects in the body. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of dehydration and rehydration on stress parameters in the dromedary camels and how it pacifies these effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen male camels were randomly divided into control, dehydrated and rehydrated groups, and fed alfalfa hay<jats:italic>ad-libitum<\/jats:italic>. The dehydrated and rehydrated groups were water-restricted for 20 days after which the rehydrated camels were provided with water for 72 h. The control and dehydrated camels were slaughtered at day 20 from the start of experiment whereas the rehydrated group was killed 72 h later. Many biochemical, hematological histopathological parameters and gene analysis were performed in relevant tissues collected including blood, plasma, and tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It was observed that severely dehydrated camels lost body weight, passed very hard feces, few drops of concentrated urine, and were slightly stressed as reflected behaviorally by loss of appetite. Physiologically, the stress of dehydration elicited modulation of plasma stress hormones for water preservation and energy supply. Our results showed significant increase in cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine, and significant decrease in epinephrine and serotonin. The significant increase in malondialdehyde was accompanied with significant increase in antioxidants (glutathione, retinol, thiamin, tocopherol) to provide tissue protection from oxidative stress. The physiological blood changes observed during dehydration serve different purposes and were quickly restored to normality by rehydration. The dehydrated\/rehydrated camels showed reduced hump size and serous atrophy of perirenal and epicardial fat. The latter changes were accompanied by significantly increased expression of genes encoding proteins for energy production (ANGPTL4, ACSBG1) from fat and significantly decreased expression of genes (THRSP; FADS 1&amp;amp;2) encoding proteins enhancing energy expenditure. This process is vital for camel survival in the desert. Dehydration induced no major effects in the vital organs. Only minor degenerative changes were observed in hepatic and renal cells, physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in heart and follicular hyperplasia in splenic but lipidosis was not depicted in liver hepatocytes. Ketone bodies were not smelled in urine, sweat and breathing of dehydrated animals supporting the previous finding that the \u00df hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in ketone body formation, is low in the camel liver and rumen. Rehydration restored most of blood and tissues to normal or near normal. In conclusion, camels are adapted to combat dehydration stress and anorexia by increasing anti-stressors and modulating genes involved in fat metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1236425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T07:53:21Z","timestamp":1701762801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of long-term dehydration on stress markers, blood parameters, and tissue morphology in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Abu Damir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna A.","family":"Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naheed","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma A. M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salama S. M.","family":"Al Muhairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled O. S.","family":"Al Abdouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javed R.","family":"Khawaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tareq A.","family":"Fagieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelnasir","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboubakr A.","family":"Elkhouly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaya J.","family":"Al Marri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Jamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdu","family":"Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511801822","volume-title":"Animal Physiology, 5","author":"Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1997"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Camel","author":"Irwin","year":"2010"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.23675\/sjlas.v36i1.165","article-title":"Physiological particularities of Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and experimental implications","volume":"36","author":"Oujad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(83)90052-X","article-title":"Plasma value regulation during heat stress: plasma value regulation during heat stress: albumin synthesis vs. capillary permeability. A comparison between desert and non- desert species","author":"Horowitz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-005-0027-x","article-title":"Chewing activities and esophageal motility during feed intake, rumination and eructation in camels","volume":"176","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3474-x","article-title":"Effects of long-term dehydration on oxidative stress, apoptotic markers and neuropeptides in the gastric mucosa of the dromedary camel","volume":"455","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cellul Biochem"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02327-3","article-title":"Multiomic analysis of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) kidney reveals a role for cholesterol in water conservation","volume":"4","author":"Alvira-Iraizoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.26502\/jfsnr.2642-11000021","article-title":"Vitamins as antioxidants","volume":"2","author":"Sinbad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Sci Nutri Res"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Environmental Physiology of Animals 2nd Edn","author":"Willmer","year":"2006"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1000R1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1992.262.6.R1000","article-title":"Food deprivation and refeeding in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"262","author":"Dahlborn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(87)80035-X","article-title":"Respiratory water and heat loss in camels subjected to dehydration [proceedings]","volume":"70","author":"Schroter","year":"1987","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.341","article-title":"Metabolic rate of camels: effect of body temperature and dehydration","volume":"212","author":"Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.7557\/2.10.3.860","article-title":"The ship of the desert. The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), a domesti- cated animal species well adapted to extreme conditions of aridness and heat camelus spp origins of the camelidae","volume":"10","author":"Bornstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rangifer"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"243","article-title":"Renal salt and water excretion in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"31","author":"Maloiy","year":"1972"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.44.4.30152494","article-title":"Water turnover and renal function of Dromedaries in the Desert","volume":"44","author":"Siebert","year":"1971","journal-title":"Physiol Zool."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1259-140","article-title":"The physiology of the camel","volume":"201","author":"Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1959","journal-title":"Scientific Am"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-1-15","article-title":"Thermodynamics of weight loss diets","volume":"1","author":"Fine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)30101-7","article-title":"INVITED REVIEW: Carbohydrate and fat: Considerations for energy and more","volume-title":"American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS) Symposium: Applied Nutrition of Ruminants\u2014Current Status and Future Directions, July 10, 3013","author":"Hall","year":"2014"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.09.1368","article-title":"Hepatic lipdosis in llamas and alpacas: 31 cases","volume":"214","author":"Tornquist","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03217.x","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia, and ketonuria in an alpaca and a llama (1994)","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vet Internal Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230448","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230448","article-title":"Estimating the combined costs of clinical and subclinical ketosis in dairy cows","volume":"15","author":"Steeneveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Ketosis in sheep: causes, clinical signs and prevention in ewes112 MarshallA Vettimes482018"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effect of losartan and dehydration on blood constituents of the one-humped camel","volume":"4","author":"Al Haj","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-232","article-title":"Effects of dehydration and blockade of angiotensin II AT1 receptor on stress hormones and antioxidants in the one-humped camel","volume":"9","author":"Al Haj","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02628-5","article-title":"The effect of long-term dehydration and subsequent rehydration on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the camel kidney","volume":"16","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03857-0","article-title":"Transcriptomic plasticity of the hypothalamic osmoregulatory control centre of the Arabian dromedary camel","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"Distress in Animals: Its Recognition and a Hypothesis for its Assessment MortonDB Sentience Collection.2009"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90345-7","article-title":"Stress and immunity: an integrated view of relationships between the brain and the immune system","volume":"44","author":"Dantzer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3362\/9781780441153","volume-title":"A Field Manual of Camel Diseases","author":"K\u00f6hler-Rollefson","year":"2001"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000245984","article-title":"Co-existence of leukoderma with features of Dowling-Degos disease: reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura spectrum in five unrelated patients","volume":"195","author":"Lestringant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1258\/000456304322664663","article-title":"Measurement of catecholamines and their metabolites Ann Clin Biochem","volume":"41","author":"Peaston","year":"2004"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0","author":"IBM","year":"2015"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12151","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12151","article-title":"Daily regulation of body temperature rhythm in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) exposed to experimental desert conditions","volume":"2","author":"Bou\u00e2ouda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"18","article-title":"Urine decline by dehydration Survival in arid lands","volume":"29","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1977","journal-title":"Austral. Natural Hist."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.20787","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4). A glucocorticoid-dependent gatekeeper of fatty acid flux during fasting Adipocyte","volume":"1","author":"Koliwad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landes Bioscience"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Hyperlipidemia in Llama and Alpaka. Part 1: Recognize the Disease","author":"Van","year":"2016"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Studies on Lipid Metabolism in the Camel (Camelus dromedarius) [Electronic Thesis and Dissertation].","author":"Mirgani","year":"1980"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201712041","article-title":"Investigation of different enzyme markers in some pathological disorders of the dromedary camels in comparison with other species","volume":"12","author":"Abu Damir","year":"2017","journal-title":"CAP Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(79)90192-5","article-title":"A comparative study of ketone body metabolism between the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and the sheep (Ovis aries)","volume":"64","author":"Chandrasena","year":"1979","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B: Comp Biochem"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Comparative Biochemical Studies Between the Camel and Other Ruminants","author":"Emmanuel","year":"1979"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Stress: endocrine physiology and pathophysiology TsigosC KyrouI KassiE ChroussosGP FeingoldKR AnawaltB BoyceA Endotext [Internet]2020"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2002.00798.x","article-title":"Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and - adrenal axes","volume":"14","author":"Viau","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"76","article-title":"Relationship between circulating cortisol and testosterone: influence of physical exercise","volume":"4","author":"Brownlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2021.113418","article-title":"Fluid intake, what's dopamine got to do with it?","volume":"236","author":"Mietlicki-Baase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.812512x","article-title":"Dehydration in stressed ruminants may be the result of a cortisol-induced diuresis","volume":"81","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00013","article-title":"Effect of exercise, heat stress, and hydration on immune cell number and function","volume":"34","author":"Michell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.6.1511","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure in short-term starvation is increased as a result of an increase in serum norepinephrine","volume":"71","author":"Zauner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clini Nutr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14433","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14433","article-title":"Dehydration reduces stroke volume and cardiac output during exercise because of impaired cardiac filling and venous return, not left ventricular function","volume":"8","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101245","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors: ligands, binding proteins, and receptors","volume":"52","author":"LeRoith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020217","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its monitoring in medical diagnostic and in sports","volume":"11","author":"Bailes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000080763","article-title":"Role of insulin-like growth factor iin maintaining normal glucose homeostasis","volume":"62","author":"Clemmons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2406-3","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642","article-title":"la Lastra JM, Plou FJ, P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a E. The chemistry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revisited: outlining their role in biological macromolecules (DNA, lipids and proteins) and induced pathologies","volume":"22","author":"Juan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360438","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/63.1.143","article-title":"Oxidative stress and reactive nitrogen species generation during renal ischemia","volume":"63","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Antioxidant Defenses and Animal Adaptation to Oxygen Availability During Environmental Stress, in Cell and Molecular Response to Stress.","author":"Hermes-Lima","year":"2001"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.31080\/ASNH.2022.06.1015","article-title":"Analysis of antioxidants and its properties of vitamins as a key source for human health","volume":"6","author":"Vora Axita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Sci Nutr Health"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.461","article-title":"Recovery from impaired dark adaptation in night blind pregnant Nepali women who receive small daily doses of vitamin A as amaranth leaves, carrots, goat liver, vitamin A-fortified rice, or retinyl palmitate","volume":"81","author":"Haskell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.4314\/ajfand.v9i6.46260","article-title":"Evaluation of a green leafy vegetable intervention in Ghanaian postpartum mothers","volume":"9","author":"Tchum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev."},{"key":"B60","article-title":"Niacin, riboflavin and thiamin","author":"McCarmic","year":"","journal-title":"Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1021\/bi401618y","article-title":"Thiamin Function, Metabolism, Uptake, and Transport","volume":"53","author":"Manzetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001666","article-title":"Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: A review","volume":"120","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041088","article-title":"The physiological roles of vitamin E and hypovitaminosis E in the transition period of high-yielding dairy cows","volume":"11","author":"Haga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B64","unstructured":"Thiamine (Vitamin B1) status in the blood of young, pregnant, lactating and racing dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in UAE54550 AbbasTA Alhaj AliM Abu DamirH Revue Med Vet.1592008"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"10","article-title":"Serum progesterone level of camels (Camelus dromedarius) according to the physiological status","volume":"3","author":"Kamoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J New Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00173-2","article-title":"Progesterone as a neuroactive neurosteroid, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination","volume":"65","author":"Baulieu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1735927","article-title":"Temperature regulation in women: effects of the menstrual cycle","volume":"7","author":"Fiona Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"B68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Testosterone profile in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the rutting season","volume":"60","author":"Deen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Isr J Vet Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1978.45.4.540","article-title":"Camel thyroid metabolism: effect of season and dehydration","volume":"45","author":"Yagil","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218145","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/218145","article-title":"The role of thyroid hormones as inductors of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration","volume":"2013","author":"Villanueva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2006.11.009","article-title":"Rapid and reversible alterations in thyroid function tests in dehydrated patients","volume":"42","author":"Ybarra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1296.026","article-title":"Stress is associated with inhibition of type I iodothyronine 5\u2032-deiodinase activity in rat liver","volume":"1018","author":"Brtko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-5-13","article-title":"Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone is associated with elevated cortisol in healthy young men and women","volume":"5","author":"Walter K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S908","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.Supplement_5.S908","article-title":"Interactions of thyroid hormones and catecholamines in severely burned patients","volume":"5","author":"Becker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis Supplement."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(01)00301-7","article-title":"Inhibition of type 2,5\u2032-deiodinase by tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interferon gamma in human thyroid tissue","volume":"1","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunol Lett."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/546163","article-title":"The dual role of calcium as messenger and stressor in cell damage, death, and survival","author":"Cerella","year":"","journal-title":"Int J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B77","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Mineral deficiencies, toxicities, and imbalances in the camel (Camelus dromedarius), a review","volume":"68","author":"Abu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Bullet."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95562-9_5","article-title":"Clinical Enymology","volume-title":"Camel Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology","author":"Faye","year":"2018"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(89)90049-2","article-title":"Liver function and protein binding in camels","author":"Ben-Zvi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Comparat Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"119","article-title":"Clinical enzymology in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Part 111. Effects of dehydration on serum AST, ALT, GGT, AP, LDH and urine GGT activities","volume":"5","author":"Bengoumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-370491-7.00012-X","article-title":"Chapter 12 - Diagnostic Enzymology of Domestic Animals","volume-title":"Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th Edition","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2008"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2016-800","article-title":"The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"McGill","year":"2016","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3923\/ajava.2012.420.426","article-title":"State of acid-base balance in dehydrated camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"7","author":"Abdoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J Anim Vet Adv."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R502","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00114.2004","article-title":"Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis","volume":"287","author":"Robergs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Center CE13 - Hepatic Function.","author":"Bud","year":"2008"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80221-6","article-title":"Experimental copper poisoning in the camel","volume":"108","author":"Abu Damir","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.14.4.193","article-title":"Assessment of liver damage and dysfunction","author":"Dunn","year":"1992","journal-title":"In Pract."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1983","article-title":"Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular signalling pathways","volume":"7","author":"Heineke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.04.005","article-title":"Molecular distinction between physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy: experimental findings and therapeutic strategies","volume":"128","author":"Bernardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp014","article-title":"Cardiac regulation by phosphoinositide 3-kinases and PTEN","volume":"82","author":"Oudit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1974.226.2.305","article-title":"Dehydration and camel blood. III Osmotic fragility, specific gravity, and osmolarity","volume":"226","author":"Yagil","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B92","volume-title":"Studies on Dehydration and Rehydration of the Camels (PhD thesis).","author":"ZineFilali","year":""},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90118-I","article-title":"Influence of dehydration and watering on camel red cell size: a scanning electron microscopic study","volume":"81","author":"Schroter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Respirat Physiol."},{"key":"B94","article-title":"The rumen as a reservoir during dehydration and rehydration in the camel (abstract)","author":"Hoppe","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Physiol Lond."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1236425\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:59:43Z","timestamp":1730768383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1236425\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1236425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1236425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"article-number":"1236425"}}