{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:42:59Z","timestamp":1780450979658,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004317","name":"Shihezi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GJHZ202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ202203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>, a type of intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, has unique features and acts as a zoonotic pathogen. It can lead to abortion and infertility in animals. Eliminating brucellosis becomes very challenging once it spreads among both humans and animals, putting a heavy burden on livestock and people worldwide. Given the increasing spread of brucellosis, it is crucial to develop improved vaccines for susceptible animals to reduce the disease\u2019s impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we effectively used an immunoinformatics approach with advanced computer software to carefully identify and analyze important antigenic parts of <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>. Subsequently, we skillfully designed chimeric peptides to enhance the vaccine\u2019s strength and effectiveness. We used computer programs to find four important parts of the <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> bacteria that our immune system recognizes. Then, we carefully looked for eight parts that are recognized by a type of white blood cell called cytotoxic T cells, six parts recognized by T helper cells, and four parts recognized by B cells. We connected these parts together using a special link, creating a strong new vaccine. To make the vaccine even better, we added some extra parts called molecular adjuvants. These included something called human \u03b2-defensins 3 (hBD-3) that we found in a database, and another part that helps the immune system called PADRE. We attached these extra parts to the beginning of the vaccine. In a new and clever way, we made the vaccine even stronger by attaching a part from a mouse\u2019s immune system to the end of it. This created a new kind of vaccine called MEV-Fc. We used advanced computer methods to study how well the MEV-Fc vaccine interacts with certain receptors in the body (TLR-2 and TLR-4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the end, Immunosimulation predictions showed that the MEV-Fc vaccine can make the immune system respond strongly, both in terms of cells and antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, our results provide novel insights for the development of <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> vaccines. Although further laboratory experiments are required to assess its protective effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1238634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T07:16:17Z","timestamp":1698045377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against brucellosis fused to IgG-fc by an immunoinformatics 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