{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T19:52:06Z","timestamp":1765828326074,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trigeminal ganglion contrast enhancement (TGCE) is reported to be a normal and a common finding on magnetic resonance imaging studies of dogs, cats and humans. The intent of the present study was to describe the anatomical characteristics of the trigeminal ganglion, its surrounding structures, and histological features that are relevant to explain or hypothesize on the reason for TGCE on T1-weighted post-contrast MRI studies of the brain in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight dog cadavers were dissected to study the anatomy of the trigeminal ganglion. The presence and anatomy of vessels was studied by dissection and by histological techniques. Two trigeminal ganglia were isolated and stained with hematoxylin\u2013eosin (HE). Two other trigeminal ganglia included in the trigeminal canal and trigeminal cavity were decalcified with formic acid\/formalin for 12\u2009weeks and stained with HE to study the related vessels. Additionally, a corrosion cast was obtained from a separate canine specimen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leptomeninges and a subarachnoid space were identified at the level of the trigeminal nerve roots and the trigeminal ganglion. No subarachnoid space was identified and leptomeninges were no longer present at the level of the three trigeminal nerve branches. Small arterial vessels ran to and supplied the trigeminal ganglion, passing through the dura mater. No venous plexus was visualized at the level of the trigeminal ganglion in the dissections. A complex arterial vascular network was identified within the leptomeningeal covering of the trigeminal ganglion and was best appreciated in the corrosion cast. Histological examination revealed small-to moderate-sized blood vessels located in the epineurium around the ganglion; from there a multitude of arterioles penetrated into the perineurium. Small endoneurial branches and capillaries penetrated the ganglion and the trigeminal nerve branches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limitations to this study include the limited number of canine specimens included and the lack of electron microscopy to further support current hypotheses included in our discussion. In conclusion, this study provides further support to the theory that TGCE in dogs may be due an incomplete blood-nerve barrier or blood-ganglion barrier at the interface between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1256947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T17:54:26Z","timestamp":1694627666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microanatomical findings with relevance to trigeminal ganglion enhancement on post-contrast T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Koen M.","family":"Santifort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric N.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marti","family":"Pumarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Aige Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01713.x","article-title":"Intracranial magnetic resonance imaging artifacts and pseudolesions in dogs and cats","volume":"51","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00068.x","article-title":"Anatomical study of cranial nerve emergence and skull foramina in the dog using magnetic resonance imaging and computed 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