{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:43:14Z","timestamp":1756309394691,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple endocrine disorders are uncommon in veterinary medicine, and the disease combination is usually related to hypercortisolism or autoimmunity. Central-pituitary hypothyroidism, also refer to secondary hypothyroidism, can be caused by hypercortisolemic conditions and is well-recognized in human medicine. However, central hypothyroidism, including pituitary hypothyroidism, concurrent with hyperadrenocorticism, is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. A 7-year-old, intact female Miniature Schnauzer presented with generalized alopecia, scale, and pruritus and was diagnosed with superficial pyoderma and<jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic>dermatitis. Hormonal tests were performed, and the results indicated multiple endocrinopathies with a combination of non-adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism and central-pituitary hypothyroidism. Magnetic resonance imaging (7\u2009T) and high-resolution research tomography positron emission tomography were performed to differentiate neuroendocrine tumors; however, no lesion was found in the hypothalamic to pituitary region. Hyperadrenocorticism was managed first to control endocrinopathy. After controlling hypercortisolism, a weak elevation of free thyroxine (T4) was revealed, whereas total T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were still undetectable, and hypothyroidism management was added. About 9\u2009months after the management, both endocrine diseases were well controlled, and clinical signs improved; however, serum TSH was unmeasured consistently. This case study describes a case of multiple endocrinopathies in a Miniature Schnauzer dog diagnosed with central-pituitary hypothyroidism concurrent with non-adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism without pituitary macroadenoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1257624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T06:07:15Z","timestamp":1695708435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case report: Central-pituitary hypothyroidism concurrent with hyperadrenocorticism without pituitary macroadenoma in a Miniature Schnauzer dog"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yeon","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taesik","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoonhoi","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dohee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mhan-Pyo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hakhyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byeong-Teck","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.12.1616","article-title":"Multiple endocrine diseases in dogs: 35 cases (1996\u20132009)","volume":"238","author":"Blois","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.81099","article-title":"Frequency of endocrinopathies and characteristics of affected dogs and cats in southern Brazil (2004-2014)","volume":"44","author":"P\u00f6ppl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Sci Vet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2011.563729","article-title":"Canine hypothyroidism: a review of aetiology and diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Mooney","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Veterinary endocrinology and reproduction","volume-title":"Vet Endocrinol Reprod","author":"McDonald","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4456-5.05001-X","article-title":"Preface","volume-title":"Canine and Feline Endocrinology","author":"Feldman","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13818","article-title":"Central hypothyroidism in Miniature Schnauzers","volume":"30","author":"Voorbij","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063131","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome effects on the thyroid","volume":"22","author":"Paragliola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04442.x","article-title":"ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas are associated with a higher prevalence of central hypothyroidism compared to other microadenoma types","volume":"77","author":"Mathioudakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1540505","article-title":"Alterations in anterior pituitary function of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"154","author":"Meij","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-60-2-88","article-title":"Tertiary hypothyroidism in a dog","volume":"60","author":"Shiel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07260.x","article-title":"Pituitary tumour causing multiple endocrinopathies in a dog","volume":"62","author":"Barr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1079","article-title":"Comparison of colloid, thyroid follicular epithelium, and thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy and severely sick dogs","volume":"222","author":"Torres","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.765","article-title":"Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in dogs with nonthyroidal disease","volume":"219","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00509.x","article-title":"The effect of trilostane treatment on circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"49","author":"Kenefick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.09.1636","article-title":"Serum free and total iodothyronine concentrations in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"53","author":"Ferguson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0960293","article-title":"Effects of prednisone on thyroid and gonadal endocrine function in dogs","volume":"96","author":"Kemppainen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1993.54.01.130","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone on thyroid hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin in clinically normal dogs","volume":"54","author":"Moore","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.08.1401","article-title":"Serum free thyroxine concentration in healthy dogs, dogs with hypothyroidism, and euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness","volume":"198","author":"Nelson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"2034","article-title":"Effects of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism on serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the dog","volume":"45","author":"Peterson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1668","article-title":"High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Li\u00e8ge","volume":"91","author":"Daly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Belgium J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2016.341","article-title":"The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in a community-based hospital: a retrospective single center study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"36","author":"Aljabri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0251","article-title":"The role of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neuron as a metabolic sensor","volume":"18","author":"Hollenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91210-8","article-title":"Evidence for thyrotropin-releasing hormone and glucocorticoid receptor-immunoreactive neurons in various preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei of the male rat","volume":"506","author":"Cintra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.7.7789304","article-title":"Changes in adrenal status affect hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in parallel with corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"136","author":"Kakucska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1430","article-title":"Glucocorticoids decrease thyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus","volume":"90","author":"Alkemade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(89)90064-6","article-title":"The influence of dexamethasone on serum thyrotrophin and thyrotrophin synthesis in the rat","volume":"64","author":"Ahlquist","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Bioactivity of thyrotropin (TSH) in patients with central hypothyroidism: comparison between in vivo 3,5,3\u2032-triiodothyronine response to TSH and in vitro bioactivity of TSH","volume":"80","author":"Horimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.146.4.183","article-title":"Endogenous TSH in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs","volume":"146","author":"Boretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0309","article-title":"A study of thyroid functions in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a single-center experience","volume":"8","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2008.03.001","article-title":"Functional and morphological changes in the adenohypophysis of dogs with induced primary hypothyroidism: loss of TSH hypersecretion, hypersomatotropism, hypoprolactinemia, and pituitary enlargement with transdifferentiation","volume":"35","author":"Diaz-Espi\u00f1eira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00082.x","article-title":"Treatment and therapeutic monitoring of canine hypothyroidism","volume":"43","author":"Dixon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14840","article-title":"Altered serum thyrotropin concentrations in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism before and during treatment","volume":"31","author":"Reusch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14711","article-title":"Effects of levothyroxine administration and withdrawal on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid Axis in euthyroid dogs","volume":"31","author":"Ziglioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0192","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of pituitary posterior lobe displacement in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"73","author":"Taoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12938","article-title":"Variation in the MRI appearance of the canine pituitary gland","volume":"62","author":"Travetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS14911","article-title":"High-resolution(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for pituitary adenoma detection in Cushing disease","volume":"122","author":"Chittiboina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2013.28.1.81","article-title":"Analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography findings in patients with pituitary lesions","volume":"28","author":"Seok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804169-7.00006-4","article-title":"Chapter 6 - thyroid-stimulating hormone","volume-title":"The Pituitary","author":"Sarapura","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2018.1521537","article-title":"TRH-induced secretion of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism","volume":"38","author":"Pijnacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0480055","article-title":"THYROID FUNCTION AND STEROID HORMONE EXCRETION","volume":"48","author":"Miller","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-1-155","article-title":"Dynamics of 24-hour endogenous cortisol secretion and clearance in primary hypothyroidism assessed before and after partial thyroid hormone replacement","volume":"70","author":"Iranmanesh","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1257624\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T23:48:01Z","timestamp":1730159281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1257624\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1257624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1257624","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2297-1769"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"article-number":"1257624"}}