{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:22Z","timestamp":1787027362972,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 9-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was initially presented for evaluation of chronic dermatitis on the nasal planum, where a clitoral mass was discovered as an incidental finding during the exam. No further investigation of the clitoral mass was undertaken due to other significant dermal lesions and the lack of clinical significance of the mass at the time. However, ~1 month later, the dog was presented to the Emergency Service for bleeding from the vulva. The clitoral mass was found to have prolapsed; the mass was manually reduced back into a position within the vulvar folds and maintained with a purse-string suture. The dog was referred to the Theriogenology Service for further investigation and removal. On follow-up evaluation, the mass was noted to be multi-lobulated, ulcerated, cystic, and involving the clitoris but not the urethra. The urethra was easily catheterized, and no urinary abnormalities were found. No evidence of lymph node metastasis or hypercalcemia was noted prior to surgery. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the anal sacs was normal. The mass was removed, and histopathologic evaluation revealed a primary clitoral adenocarcinoma. On recheck evaluation, after 1 month, no evidence of metastasis or local recurrence was observed. Clitoral adenocarcinoma is a rarely reported neoplasm of the canine genital tract that shares many clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features with canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. This case adds to the available knowledge on the condition, specifically regarding the frequency of complications such as hypercalcemia and metastasis, as previous reports suggest that these are present at least 50% of the time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1264538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T12:26:32Z","timestamp":1695990392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Case report: Clitoral adenocarcinoma in a mixed-breed female dog"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Moss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Sugai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Persons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Ciepluch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Lahmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Cecere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818759772","article-title":"Canine clitoral carcinoma: a clinical, cytologic, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study","volume":"55","author":"Verin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Path."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5326\/0460193","article-title":"Primary clitoral adenocarcinoma with secondary hypercalcemia of malignancy in a dog","volume":"46","author":"Neihaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13881","article-title":"Cancer of the vulva: 2021 update","volume":"155","author":"Olawaiye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3923\/ijcr.2008.110.126","article-title":"Malignancies in clitoris A review of literature on etiology, diagnosis, pathology and treatment strategies","volume":"4","author":"Al-Shebaily","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S68979","article-title":"Vulvar cancer epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options","volume":"7","author":"Weinberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"279","article-title":"Clitoral adenocarcinoma and hypercalcemia in a dog","volume":"42","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust Vet Pract."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12322","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Clitoral mass in a dog","volume":"45","author":"Rout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.9.995","article-title":"Pathology in practice","volume":"259","author":"Chien","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Vet Assoc."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12285","article-title":"Primary penile adenocarcinoma with concurrent hypercalcaemia of malignancy in a dog","volume":"56","author":"Furtado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2746\/095777309X390551","article-title":"Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in situ with viral papillomas in an aged Quarter Horse mare","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet Ed."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.1999.0390","article-title":"Tumors of the vulva and vagina in cattle - a 10-year survey","volume":"158","author":"Yeruham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Neoplasms of the canine uterus, vagina, and vulva a clinicopathologic survey of 90 cases","volume":"151","author":"Brodey","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"690","article-title":"Vulvar and vaginal tumors in the dog a retrospective study","volume":"183","author":"Thacher","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2012.09.003","article-title":"Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia","volume":"27","author":"Bergman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v90i4.7715","volume":"90","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiological roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Acta Biomed."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"833","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein in dogs with potential disorders of calcium metabolism","volume":"159","author":"Mellanby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.825","article-title":"Carcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs","volume":"223","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113327","article-title":"A retrospective study of clinical and histopathological features of 81 cases of canine apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac independent clinical and histopathological risk factors associated with outcome","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2013.01.013","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of neuroendocrine differentiation of canine anal sac glandular tumours","volume":"149","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2007.00131.x","article-title":"Expression of E-cadherin in canine anal sac gland carcinoma and its association with survival","volume":"5","author":"Polton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1264538\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1695990399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1264538\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1264538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1264538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"article-number":"1264538"}}