{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:00:28Z","timestamp":1773288028500,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to present a proposal for using the focal animal recording technique to evaluate the welfare of buffaloes and to verify the association between each behavior and thermal comfort indices. The study was conducted in an experimental paddock located in Santar\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil. A total of 10 female Murrah animals were used. The behavior of the animals was recorded during the day, with the use of three trained observers, for 72 consecutive h. Climatic variables were collected, and the Temperature\u2013Humidity Index (THI) and the practical Buffalo Comfort Climatic Conditions Index (BCCCIp) were determined. The multivariate technique of principal components and Spearman\u2019s correlation were employed. BCCCIp and THI were outside the thermal comfort zone at different times of the day. Grazing (P) was more frequent in the coldest hours of the day, while rumination occurred at different periods, mainly during the daytime and frequently in a lying position. There was a positive correlation between idle lying behavior and average temperature\u2014Tmed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.583; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.028), THI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.432; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.034), and BCCCIp (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.554; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.049). There was a positive correlation between grazing and Tmed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.665; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0004) and BCCCIp (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.583; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.036). The standing idle behavior negatively correlated with Tmed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.718; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001), THI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.522; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.008), and BCCCIp (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.8076; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0008). The lying ruminating behavior had a positive correlation with Tmed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.586; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.002), THI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.477; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.018), and BCCCIp (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.8033; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0009). Furthermore, ruminating while standing correlated positively with Tmed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.680; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0003). The adaptation of the focal animal technique, with six observers evaluating each animal for 6\u2009min through filming, proved to be efficient in pointing out the different behaviors of buffalo raised in Eastern Amazon fields under heat stress at different times of the day.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1266451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T05:41:20Z","timestamp":1700026880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A new proposal for the use of the focal animal technique in buffaloes in the Eastern Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Welligton Concei\u00e7\u00e3o da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamile Andr\u00e9a Rodrigues da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amauri","family":"Gouveia J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano Braga Brasileiro","family":"de Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Vin\u00edcius Correa","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9der Bruno Rebelo da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Roseane","family":"Pereira dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 de Brito","family":"Louren\u00e7o-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raimundo Nonato Colares","family":"Camargo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Guimar\u00e3es Maciel e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534","article-title":"Observational study of behavior: sampling methods","volume":"49","author":"Altmann","year":"1974","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-022-02255-9","article-title":"Effect of heat stress mitigations on physiological, behavioural, and hormonal responses of Buffalo calves","volume":"66","author":"Chikkagoudara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071260","article-title":"Responses of Dairy Buffalo to Heat Stress Conditions and Mitigation Strategies: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Petrocchi Jasinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006093","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1006093","article-title":"Behavior and thermal comfort of light and dark coat dairy cows in the Eastern Amazon","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1590\/s1519-99402018000200006","article-title":"Effect of the climatic environment on ingestive behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows","volume":"19","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Prod Anim"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998544","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1031330","article-title":"Thermoregulatory reactions of female buffaloes raised in the sun and in the shade, in the climatic conditions of the rainy season of the Island of Maraj\u00f3, Par\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083469","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1083469","article-title":"Animal welfare and effects of per-female stress on male and cattle reproduction\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8678","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1198678","article-title":"Evaluation of the temperature and humidity index to support the implementation of a rearing system for ruminants in the Western Amazon","volume":"10","author":"da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061733","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral mechanisms of thermoregulation in mammals","volume":"11","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.21003","article-title":"Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: Neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography","volume":"9","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Behav Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1515\/hacq-2016-0015","article-title":"Water buphaloes grazing behaviour at the Lake KerkiniNational Park, Northern Greece","volume":"15","author":"Tsiobani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hacquetia"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.2.472","article-title":"CowLog: Open source software for coding behaviors from digital video","volume":"41","author":"H\u00e4nninen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.04.009","article-title":"Effects of social dominance, water trough location and shade availability on drinking behaviour of cows on pasture","volume":"139","author":"Coimbra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"120","article-title":"Co\u00e7ar, limpar e formar la\u00e7os sociais: aliciamento e seu significado biol\u00f3gico em ruminantes","volume":"8","author":"Agudelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"CES Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Hand book of ethological methods","author":"Lehner","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/00431672.1959.9926960","article-title":"The discomfort index","volume":"12","author":"Thom","year":"1959","journal-title":"Weather wise"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-014-0937-y","article-title":"Thermal comfort indices of female Murrah buffaloes reared in the Eastern Amazon","volume":"59","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"2016"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.08.001","article-title":"Buffalo\u2019s biological functions as affected by heat stress\u2014A review","volume":"127","author":"Marai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.06.005","article-title":"Prospects of HSP70 as a genetic marker for thermo-tolerance and immuno-modulation in animals under climate change scenario","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.260-268","article-title":"Impact of heat stress on health and performance of dairy animals: A review","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110232","article-title":"Alterations in TNF-\u03b1 and its receptors expression in cows undergoing heat stress","volume":"235","author":"Lendez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.09.003","article-title":"Scrotal infrared digital thermography predicts effects of thermal stress on bulalo (Bubalus bubalis) s\u00eamen","volume":"78","author":"Ahirwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6716","article-title":"Influence of seasonality on the physiological and seminal parameters of buffaloes in the western region of Par\u00e1","volume":"40","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0157237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157237","article-title":"Impact of heat stress on cellular and transcriptional adaptation of mammary epithelial cells in riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"11","author":"Kapila","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-8327","article-title":"Assessment of surface temperatures of buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) raised under tropical conditions using infrared thermography","volume":"68","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029919000773","article-title":"Sensitivity of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) to heat stress","volume":"86","author":"Choudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"382","article-title":"Princ\u00edpios gerados a partir da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do manejo em pastoreio para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de leite bovino em Cuba Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o do manejo do pastoreio para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o leiteira em Cuba","volume":"37","author":"Milera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pastos e Forrajes"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Recursos forrajeros herb\u00e1ceos y arb\u00f3reos","author":"Milera","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43088","DOI":"10.4025\/actascianimsci.v41i1.43088","article-title":"Behavior of buffalo heifers reared in shaded and unshaded pastures during the dry season on Maraj\u00f3 Island, Par\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Scientiarum Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Bioclimatologia aplicada \u00e0 produ\u00e7\u00e3o de bovinos leiteiros nos tr\u00f3picos","author":"Azev\u00eado","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77149-6","article-title":"Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling","volume":"77","author":"Armstrong","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1590\/S0044-59672010000400001","article-title":"Conforto ambiental de bezerros bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) em sistemas silvipastoris na Amaz\u00f4nia Oriental","volume":"40","author":"Moraes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Amazonia"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7213\/academica.16.2018.02","article-title":"Respostas fisiol\u00f3gicas e adaptabilidade de bubalinos ao clima equatorial amaz\u00f4nico","volume":"16","author":"Pantoja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Acad\u00eamica Ci\u00eancia Anim"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5377\/ceiba.v54i1.2774","article-title":"Es posible enfrentar el cambio clim\u00e1tico y producir m\u00e1s leche y carne con sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos","volume":"54","author":"Restrepo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceiba"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"57","article-title":"Influencia de la \u00e9poca del a\u00f1o sobre el valor nutricional de los forrajes, en un sistema silvopastoril","volume":"42","author":"L\u00f3pez-Vigoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pastos Forrajes"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00393","article-title":"Effect of silvopastoral systems in the thermoregulatory and feeding behaviors of water buffaloes under different conditions of heat stress","volume":"7","author":"Galloso-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5296\/jas.v8i4.17334","article-title":"Silvopastoral System Mitigates the Thermal Stress and Benefits Water Buffaloes\u2019 Comfort in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Agricult Stud"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5296\/jas.v9i2.18022","article-title":"Silvopastoral Systems Contribute to Water Buffalo Welfare and Normal Behavior Pattern Under Eastern Amazon Conditions","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Agricult Stud"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"97","article-title":"Comportamento de touros jovens em confinamento alojados isoladamente ou em grupo","volume":"13","author":"Marques","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archivos Latino Americano de Produccion Animal"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-99402013000100011","article-title":"Tend\u00eancias metodol\u00f3gicas para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da adaptabilidade ao ambiente tropical","volume":"14","author":"Fa\u00e7anha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Prod Anim"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1021-x","article-title":"The influence of trees on the thermal environment and behaviour of grazing heifers in Brazilian Midwest","volume":"48","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"41","article-title":"Performance and carcass composition in river buffaloes fed a mixture of star grass, natural pastures and native legumes","volume":"38","author":"Fundora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cuban J Agricult Sci"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"211","article-title":"Conducta de b\u00fafalos en pastoreo en humedales de Ciego de \u00c1vila, Cuba","volume":"34","author":"Caraballoso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pastos y Forrajes"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782008000800050","article-title":"Silvopastoral system in the Amazon region: tool to increase the productive performance of buffaloes","volume":"38","author":"Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cienc Rural"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-204X2011001000033","article-title":"Conforto t\u00e9rmico de b\u00fafalas em sistema silvipastoril na Amaz\u00f4nia Oriental","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pesq Agrop Brasileira"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.320-325","article-title":"Assessment of expected breeding values for fertility traits of Murrah buffaloes under subtropical climate","volume":"8","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"214","article-title":"Adaptive and productive features of cattle growth in the tropics: their relevance to buffalo production","volume":"4","author":"Frisch","year":"1979","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Thermal balance in the buffalo species. The buffalo (","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"01","article-title":"Negative effects of heat stress on physiological and immunity responses of farm animals","volume":"16","author":"Habeeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Change"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"28","article-title":"Detection of heat adaptability using heat shock proteins and some hormones in Egyptian buffalo calves","volume":"22","author":"Habeeb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Egyptian J Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.07.006","article-title":"The effects of high temperature and wallow on physiological responses of swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during winter season in Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Khongdee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-0741.2015.00003.3","article-title":"Impact of climate on feeding, production and reproduction of animals-A Review","volume":"36","author":"Savsani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric Rev"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"230","article-title":"Effect of different ambient management interventions on milk production and physiological performance of lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes during hot humid summer","volume":"29","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest Res Rural Dev"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2009.s1.103","article-title":"The welfare of dairy buffalo","volume":"8","author":"De Rosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9084-3","article-title":"Changes in skin and rectal temperature in lactating buffaloes provided with showers and wallowing during hot-dry season","volume":"40","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050756","article-title":"Thermoregulatory responses of heat acclimatized buffaloes to simulated heat waves","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2020.09.12","article-title":"Similarities and differences between river buffaloes and cattle: Health, physiological, behavioral and productivity aspects","volume":"9","author":"Bertoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Buffalo Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4322\/rbcv.2021.027","article-title":"Les\u00f5es de pele diagn\u00f3sticadas em b\u00fafalos (Bubalis bubalis) na regi\u00e3o do baixa amazonas","volume":"28","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ci\u00eancia Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.825-830","article-title":"Thermoregulatory and adaptive responses of adult buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during hyperthermia: Physiological, behavioral, and metabolic approach","volume":"7","author":"Wankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.08.009","article-title":"Predicting water intake of lactating riverine buffaloes under tropical climate","volume":"191","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-43662013000800014","article-title":"Comportamento, produ\u00e7\u00e3o e qualidade do leite de vacas Holand\u00eas-Gir com climatiza\u00e7\u00e3o no curral","volume":"17","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agr\u00edcola e Ambiental"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172735","article-title":"Characterization of Thermal Patterns Using Infrared Thermography and Thermolytic Responses of Cattle Reared in Three Different Systems during the Transition Period in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"306","volume-title":"The behaviour of cattle","author":"Albright","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2007.s2.1360","article-title":"Welfare quality\u00ae: Welfare Quality\u00ae: a pan-European integrated Project buffalo","volume":"2","author":"De Rosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.7213\/cienciaanimal.v1i4.14973","article-title":"Estudo do comportamento do gado Holand\u00eas em sistema de semi-confinamento","volume":"1","author":"Degasperi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Revista Acad\u00eamica Ci\u00eancia Anim"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1266451\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T05:41:30Z","timestamp":1700026890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1266451\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1266451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1266451","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"article-number":"1266451"}}