{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:21:01Z","timestamp":1788891661039,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, and Q fever are among the most important abortifacient diseases in ruminants worldwide. These diseases result in huge economic losses in livestock besides the fact that some of are of public health concern. The present study aimed to update the data about the current seroepidemiological situation of these diseases in Upper Egypt. A total of 411 blood samples were collected from small and large ruminants and serologically tested against the presence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>N. caninum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were performed to assess the potential risk factors associated with the exposure to these pathogens. The overall seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> was 47.9% (197\/411) with an individual seropositivity of 59.4% (63\/106), 58.6% (17\/29), 38.8% (54\/139) and 46% (63\/137) in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats, respectively. Meanwhile, 9.7% (38\/411) of the examined animals were tested positive for anti-<jats:italic>N. caninum<\/jats:italic> antibodies, with an individual seropositivity of 13.2% (12\/106), 34.5% (10\/29), 8.6% (12\/139) and 2.9% (4\/137) in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats, respectively. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of antibodies against <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> was 17.3% (63\/411), and exposure to this pathogen was detected in 4.7% (5\/106) of cattle, 19.3% (20\/129) of sheep, 29.2% (38\/130) of goats but none of the examined buffalo were found to be seropositive. A total of 12.1% (50\/411) of the examined animals showed co-exposure to at least two of the tested pathogens. Regarding the potential risk factors, there were statistically significant differences among species in the frequency of exposure to the three tested pathogens. Age (&amp;gt; 6\u2009months) was also shown to be a significant risk factor associated with <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> exposure. The results obtained provided updated information about the occurrence of three of the main reproductive pathogens in Upper Egypt. The high seropositivity values found for the tested zoonotic pathogens in most of the analyzed ruminant species suggest the necessity of performing additional in-depth studies to evaluate the epidemiology of these pathogens in the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1267640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T07:16:21Z","timestamp":1698045381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Serosurvey of selected reproductive pathogens in domestic ruminants from Upper Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shimaa Ismail","family":"Farag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cano-Terriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasr-Eldin M.","family":"Aref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murad A.","family":"Mubaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Kotb","family":"Elmahallawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00455","article-title":"A review of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"7","author":"De Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Newly recognized fatal protozoan disease of dogs","volume":"192","author":"Dubey","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00234-0","article-title":"Neospora caninum: oocyst challenge of pregnant cows","volume":"109","author":"Trees","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003199373","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"Dubey","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[1247:IOVTGF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Isolation of viable toxoplasma gondii from naturally infected aborted bovine fetuses","volume":"88","author":"Canada","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991636","article-title":"Ovine toxoplasmosis","volume":"136","author":"Innes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00031-06","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum","volume":"20","author":"Dubey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01650","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01650-18","article-title":"A Q fever outbreak with a high rate of abortions at a dairy goat farm: Coxiella burnetii shedding, environmental contamination, and viability","volume":"84","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-13","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii associated reproductive disorders in domestic animals-a critical review","volume":"55","author":"Agerholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00037","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: risk factors and economic impact","volume":"15","author":"Stelzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70052-9","article-title":"Natural history and pathophysiology of Q fever","volume":"5","author":"Raoult","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13223","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in wild deer populations in eastern Australia","volume":"101","author":"Voss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131777","article-title":"Population screening for chronic Q-fever seven years after a major outbreak","volume":"10","author":"Morroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65991-1","article-title":"Serological and molecular detection of Neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in human umbilical cord blood and placental tissue samples","volume":"10","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"EG-18021","article-title":"Livestock and Products Annual 2018. Egyptian Beef Prices Stable, Consumption and Imports to Rise in 2019","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"GAIN"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"711","article-title":"Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in ruminants by using latex agglutination test (LAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Assiut governorate","volume":"33","author":"Kuraa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence and epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in different regions of Egypt","volume":"3","author":"Fereig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitol: Regional Stud Reports"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111305","article-title":"Prevalence of Neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies and DNA in raw milk of various ruminants in Egypt","volume":"11","author":"Fereig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.263","article-title":"Prevalence of Neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in northern Egypt","volume":"80","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106139","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of toxoplasma gondii infecting ruminants in the north-west of Egypt","volume":"225","author":"Khattab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1122092","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors analysis of Neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in cattle of Beheira","volume":"10","author":"Metwally","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-021-01386-x","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies among buffaloes and cattle from Menoufia Province","volume":"45","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt Journal of Parasitic Diseases"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3923\/jp.2010.13.17","article-title":"Modified agglutination test for serologic survey of toxoplasma gndii infection in goats and water buffaloes in Egypt","volume":"5","author":"Shaapan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"527","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Egypt","volume-title":"Int J Parasitol","author":"Dubey","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3923\/aje.2017.37.44","article-title":"Molecular detection and genotyping of toxoplasma gondii from Egyptian isolates","volume":"10","author":"Elfadaly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2015.170200","article-title":"Molecular detection of toxoplasma gondii DNA in raw goat and sheep milk with discussion of its public health importance in Assiut governorate","volume":"61","author":"Sadek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2022\/10.2.412.420","article-title":"Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in small ruminants in Luxor","volume":"10","author":"Aboelwafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt Adv Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2015.169756","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on toxoplasmosis in small ruminants and equine in Dakahlia governorate","volume":"61","author":"Younis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0223","article-title":"Comparative study between serological and molecular methods for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in women and small ruminants in Egypt","volume":"7","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-018-1029-4","article-title":"Seroprevalence, isolation, molecular detection and genetic diversity of toxoplasma gondii from small ruminants in Egypt","volume":"42","author":"Abd El-Razik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1440-1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Egyptian sheep and goats","volume":"14","author":"Al-Kappany","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"9","article-title":"Comparative diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in Egyptian small ruminants by indirect hemagglutination assay and Elisa","volume":"3","author":"Barakat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.16119","article-title":"Seroprevalence and preliminary treatment of toxoplasmosis of pregnant goats in Kalubyia Gobernatore","volume":"35","author":"Ramadan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Egypt Acta Scientiae Veterinariae"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"348","article-title":"Endoparasites of zoonotic importance","volume":"5","author":"Awadallah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob Vet"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.032","article-title":"Serological detection and epidemiology of Neospora caninum and Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in cattle in southern Egypt","volume":"162","author":"Fereig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.28500","article-title":"Neosporosis: a neglected abortifacient disease in Egypt, seroprevalence and farmers\u2019 knowledge, attitudes and practices","volume":"72","author":"Gaber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hellenic vet med Soci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93596-9","article-title":"A recent update about seroprevalence of ovine neosporosis in northern Egypt and its associated risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Selim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"355","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in some domestic animals from Egypt","volume":"51","author":"El-Ghaysh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Med J-Giza"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2578-2586","article-title":"High prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in humans and livestock in Assiut, Egypt: a serological and molecular survey","volume":"13","author":"Abbass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192188","article-title":"Q fever in Egypt: epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii specific antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels","volume":"13","author":"Klemmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-881","article-title":"Q fever in cattle in some Egyptian governorates: a preliminary study","volume":"7","author":"Gwida","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13010129","article-title":"Seroprevalence and potential risk factors of toxoplasma gondii in dromedary camels","volume":"13","author":"Selim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"619","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among farm animals and human contacts in Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Nahed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"017","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2868-2","article-title":"Cross-sectional study for determining the prevalence of Q fever in small ruminants and humans at El Minya governorate","volume":"10","author":"Abushahba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.21608\/avmj.2019.169042","article-title":"Seroprevalence detection of antibodies of Coxiella burnetii in sheep, goats and human in some governorates in Egypt","volume":"65","author":"Sobhy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Assiut Vet Med J"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii infection in sheep, goats and human in Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Khalifa","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISOI J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.21608\/ejap.2011.94068","article-title":"Factors affecting small ruminant holdings within the crop-livestock farming system in Sohag governorate","volume":"48","author":"Galal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Egypt Egyptian Journal of Animal Production"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Flood hazard assessment and its associated problems using geographic information systems","author":"Youssef","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2294","article-title":"A nationwide seroepidemiologic study on Q fever antibodies in sheep of Portugal","volume":"18","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9020087","article-title":"Detection of anti-neospora caninum antibodies on dairy cattle farms in southern Italy","volume":"9","author":"Manca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2018.05.006","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever) in sheep farms located in Sicily (southern Italy) and related risk factors","volume":"164","author":"Villari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5470-6","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the Czech Republic","volume":"116","author":"B\u00e1rtov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.06.021","article-title":"Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic goats in Durango state","volume":"183","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mexico Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.81073","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in goats in southern Brazil","volume":"44","author":"de Moura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Sci Vet"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.12.014","article-title":"Risk factors related to toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in indoor-housed Dutch dairy goats","volume":"124","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612012000100009","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in goats from Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, Brazil: risks factors and epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and man","author":"Dubey","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-121","article-title":"Increased toxoplasma gondii positivity relative to age in 125 Scottish sheep flocks; evidence of frequent acquired infection","volume":"42","author":"Katzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2003.41.1.1","article-title":"Caninum and neosporosis in animals","volume":"41","author":"Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03577-5","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii and its risk factors in cattle in Egypt: a seroepidemiological survey","volume":"19","author":"Selim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00352","article-title":"Monitoring Coxiella burnetii infection in naturally infected dairy sheep flocks throughout four lambing seasons and investigation of viable bacteria","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12243454","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243454","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii and co-infections with other major pathogens causing abortion in small ruminant flocks in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"12","author":"MdlA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1267640\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T07:16:37Z","timestamp":1698045397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1267640\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1267640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1267640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"article-number":"1267640"}}