{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:42:01Z","timestamp":1791895321738,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) has been used by local South African communities for centuries. However, the knowledge of EVM is under threat due to the influence of Western medicine and acculturation. This study aimed to document the knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in four villages within the Mahikeng Local Municipality to help preserve this valuable knowledge. The study used a qualitative research approach and targeted practitioners and holders of ethnoveterinary knowledge in four villages. Participants were recruited using key informants and snowball techniques, and in-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview schedules. The data collected was analyzed thematically, and herbarium specimens were prepared from medicinal plants during field walks and sent to the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) for identification. The study documented the use of thirty-one medicinal plant species, with\n                    <jats:italic>Senna italica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (sebetebete) emerging as the most frequently used species for multiple animal health indications. The most common diseases treated using EVM were gala (general malaise due to bile reflux) and retained placenta. Participants strongly agreed on the cultural significance of plants for treating five animal diseases, including coughs and diarrhea. Although the study revealed a high level of trust in ethnoveterinary medicine among participants, they expressed concern regarding the loss of this knowledge due to the influence of Western medicine and acculturation. The study concluded that the indigenous knowledge and use of ethnoveterinary medicine was prevalent among livestock owners in the communities of the North West Province, and more studies need to be conducted in other areas to preserve this valuable knowledge.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1273562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T11:15:49Z","timestamp":1700738149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Indigenous knowledge and use of medicinal plants for ethnoveterinary within the North West Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rendani Victress","family":"Ndou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simeon Albert","family":"Materechera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulunda","family":"Mwanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfred","family":"Otang-Mbeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mooki Fabridge","family":"Ijane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.013","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary use of southern African plants and scientific evaluation of their medicinal properties","volume":"119","author":"McGaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Draft policy on African traditional healers for South Africa","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.07.026","article-title":"A survey of plants used to treat livestock diseases in the MNISI community, Mpumalanga, South Africa, and investigation of their antimicrobial activity","volume":"126","author":"Khunoana","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"129","article-title":"An introduction to ethnoveterinary research and development","volume":"6","author":"McCorkle","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol"},{"key":"ref5","author":"Moerane","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v10i3.16","article-title":"Ethno-veterinary practices amongst livestock farmers in Ngamiland District, Botswana","volume":"10","author":"Gabalebatse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112864","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary botanical medicine in South Africa: a review of research from the last decade (2009 to 2019)","volume":"257","author":"McGaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Mokgobi","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"375","article-title":"Traditional veterinary medicine in the Alice district of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"97","author":"Dold","year":"2001","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11131784","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary practices and ethnobotanical knowledge on plants used against cattle diseases among two communities in South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Chakale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plan Theory"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"26","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary medicine and health management in poultry in southern and western districts, Botswana","volume":"15","author":"Moreki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest Res Rural Dev"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"314","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary practices of the Vhaven\u1e13a, South Africa, in the treatment of Redwater (Mali) in cattle","volume":"15","author":"Ramovha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indilinga Afr J Indig Knowl Syst"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100228","article-title":"A review of ethnoveterinary knowledge, biological activities and secondary metabolites of medicinal woody plants used for managing animal health in South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Selogatwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Indigenous knowledge systems policy","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710884","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.710884","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary knowledge and biological evaluation of plants used for mitigating cattle diseases: a critical insight into the trends and patterns in South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Chakale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"North West Province at a glance","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref17","author":"Kgotleng","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.17159\/2413-3221\/2020\/v48n2a544","article-title":"Socio-economic characteristics influencing small-scale farmers\u2019 level of knowledge on climate-smart agriculture in Mahikeng local municipality, North West Province, South Africa","volume":"48","author":"Setshedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr J Agric Ext"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5901\/mjss.2014.v5n20p390","article-title":"Factors affecting marketing of vegetables among small-scale farmers in Mahikeng local municipality, north West Province, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Matsane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediterr J Soc Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9026-0","article-title":"Non-experimental validation of ethnoveterinary plants and indigenous knowledge used for backyard pigs and chickens in Trinidad and Tobago","volume":"39","author":"Lans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v73i2.156","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary medicine practices among Tsonga speaking people of South Africa","volume":"73","author":"Luseba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v72i4.651","article-title":"Use of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in cattle by Setswana-speaking people in the Madikwe area of the North West Province of South Africa","volume":"72","author":"Van der Merwe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00181-6","article-title":"Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers' consensus and cultural importance","volume":"47","author":"Heinrich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"91","article-title":"Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants","volume-title":"Plants in indigenous medicine and diet: biobehavioral approaches","author":"Trotter","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3329\/bjpt.v21i1.19272","article-title":"Determination of informant consensus factor of ethnomedicinal plants used in Kalenga forest, Bangladesh","volume":"21","author":"Uddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Plant Taxon"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.04.005","article-title":"Ethno-veterinary plants used for the treatment of retained placenta and associated diseases in cattle among Dinokana communities, North West Province, South Africa","volume":"132","author":"Moichwanetse","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.41.1.16.14694","article-title":"An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"41","author":"Masika","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903260879","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants: a survey of plants used in the ethnoveterinary control of gastro-intestinal parasites of goats in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"48","author":"Maphosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR012.1213","article-title":"Medicinal plants used in the treatment of livestock diseases in Vhembe region, Limpopo province, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Luseba","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Plant Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v71i2.685","article-title":"Use of herbal remedies by small-scale farmers to treat livestock diseases in central eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"71","author":"Masika","year":"2000","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v7i2.50873","article-title":"Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of the acetone extract of the roots of Senna italica (Fabaceae)","volume":"7","author":"Masoko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP11.852","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of the leaf and root extracts of Senna italica","volume":"6","author":"Dabai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"476","article-title":"The anti-tick properties of the root extracts of Senna italica subsp. Arachoides","volume":"7","author":"Magano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/519174","article-title":"Isolation and chemical structural characterisation of a compound with antioxidant activity from the roots of Senna italica","volume":"2013","author":"Mokgotho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(15)30448-8","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Helichrysum caespititium","volume":"68","author":"Meyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"S Afr J Bot"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.06.011","article-title":"South African Helichrysum species: a review of the traditional uses, biological activity and phytochemistry","volume":"119","author":"Lourens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.053","article-title":"Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the south African medicinal plant Boophone disticha (L.f.) herb. (Amaryllidaceae)","volume":"151","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.25159\/1016-8427\/541","article-title":"Naming of Basotho medicinal plants: semantic connection to their remedies","volume":"25","author":"Possa","year":"2015","journal-title":"South Afr J Folklore Stud"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v68i2.867","article-title":"Perceived causes, diagnosis and treatment of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle by livestock farmers in communal areas of the central eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"68","author":"Masika","year":"1997","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary medicine: a critical review of its evolution, perception, understanding and the way forward","volume":"17","author":"Wanzala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livest Res Rural Dev"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPS11.242","article-title":"An ethnoveterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases in Seharti-Samre district, northern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Yirga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.02.001","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants at bale mountains national park, Ethiopia","volume":"112","author":"Yineger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"269","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary medicine: a potential alternative to orthodox animal health delivery in Zimbabwe","volume":"2","author":"Matekaire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Appl Res Vet Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.01.021","article-title":"Ethnoknowledge of Bukusu community on livestock tick prevention and control in Bungoma district, western Kenya","volume":"140","author":"Wanzala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"WHO traditional medicine strategy 2012\u20132023","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref47","author":"Felix","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892904001067","article-title":"Market profiles and trade in medicinal plants in the Lowveld, South Africa","volume":"31","author":"Botha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Conserv"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-5449-1_3","article-title":"Cultivation of medicinal plants as a tool for biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in the Amatola region, South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Wiersum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Frontis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1273562\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T11:16:01Z","timestamp":1700738161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1273562\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1273562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1273562","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"article-number":"1273562"}}