{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:10:31Z","timestamp":1778541031262,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease mainly caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>, a zoonotic pathogen with economic significance as it leads to reduced milk and meat production, and high costs for control measures. The Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccine, primarily used to prevent tuberculosis in humans, has also been studied for controlling bTB. While showing effectiveness in preventing <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> infection and disease in cattle, the BCG vaccine can induce non-specific effects on the immune system, enhancing responses to infections caused by unrelated pathogens, and also having non-specific effects on lactation. The aim of this study is to describe both the specific and non-specific effects of BCG vaccination in calves from a commercial dairy herd in central Chile. Diagnosis of <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> infection was performed through the IFN\u03b3 release assay (IGRA) using ESAT6\/CFP-10 and Rv3615c antigens. The records of milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), clinical mastitis (CM) and retained placenta (RP) during the first lactation were compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals. The breed (Holstein Friesian [HF] v\/s HF \u00d7 Swedish Red crossbred [HFSR]) and the season (warm v\/s cold) were also analyzed as categorical explanatory variables. Results of IGRA showed significant differences between vaccinated and control groups, indicating a vaccine efficacy of 58.5% at 18\u2009months post vaccination in HFSR crossbred animals. Although milk production did not vary, SCC and CM showed differences between groups, associated to the breed and the season, respectively. When analyzing CM and RP as a whole entity of disease, BCG showed protection in all but the cold season variables. Overall, the BCG vaccine induced protective specific and non-specific effects on health parameters, which may be influenced by the breed of animals and the season. These results provide new features of BCG protection, supporting initiatives for its implementation as a complementary tool in bTB control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1278329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T10:09:26Z","timestamp":1696586966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Specific and non-specific effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in dairy calves"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Catalina","family":"Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Alegr\u00eda-Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Duchens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"\u00c1balos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Retamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006208","article-title":"Occupational exposure to human Mycobacterium bovis infection: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Vayr","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105808","article-title":"The consequential costs of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) breakdowns in England and Wales","volume":"211","author":"Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.060","article-title":"Licensed Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) formulations differ markedly in bacterial viability, RNA content and innate immune activation","volume":"38","author":"Angelidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637580","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.637580","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effect of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination against bovine tuberculosis: is perfect the enemy of good?","volume":"8","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12618","article-title":"Vaccination of calves with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the frequency and severity of lesions of bovine tuberculosis under a natural transmission setting in Ethiopia","volume":"65","author":"Ameni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048648","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1048648","article-title":"Histopathologic differences in granulomas of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle with bovine tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Kanipe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0337-y","article-title":"BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"O'Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02806","article-title":"BCG-induced cross-protection and development of trained immunity: implication for vaccine design","volume":"10","author":"Covi\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020","article-title":"Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections","volume":"25","author":"Moorlag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.612747","article-title":"Optimize prime\/boost vaccine strategies: trained immunity as a new player in the game","volume":"12","author":"Palgen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212751","article-title":"Aerosol vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces a trained innate immune phenotype in calves","volume":"14","author":"Guerra-Maupome","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14108","article-title":"Vaccination of Holstein heifers with Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain induces protection against bovine tuberculosis and higher milk production yields in a natural transmission setting","volume":"69","author":"Retamal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20132839","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2839","article-title":"Veterinary and human vaccine evaluation methods","volume":"281","author":"Knight-Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-0720(15)30622-8","article-title":"Genetic improvement of mastitis through selection on somatic cell count","volume":"9","author":"Shook","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Methods in epidemiologic research","author":"Dohoo","year":""},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-567","article-title":"The effect of season on somatic cell count and the incidence of clinical mastitis","volume":"90","author":"Olde Riekerink","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00259","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of BCG vaccine for control of tuberculosis in domestic livestock and wildlife","volume":"5","author":"Buddle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.034","article-title":"Non-specific effects of veterinary vaccines: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Arega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16092-8","article-title":"Test performance data demonstrates utility of a cattle DIVA skin test reagent (DST-F) compatible with BCG vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.02.003","article-title":"Development of immune-diagnostic reagents to diagnose bovine tuberculosis in cattle","volume":"181","author":"Vordermeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e167762","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI167762","article-title":"Host genetic background is a barrier to broadly effective vaccine-mediated protection against tuberculosis","volume":"133","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16958","article-title":"Economic consequences of dairy crossbreeding in conventional and organic herds in Sweden","volume":"103","author":"Clasen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22403","article-title":"Fertility and survival of Swedish red and white \u00d7 Holstein crossbred cows and purebred Holstein cows","volume":"106","author":"Pipino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.03.003","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine and nonspecific immunity","volume":"361","author":"Parmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103150","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Guerin 's beneficial impact on glucose metabolism: evidence for broad based applications","volume":"24","author":"Shpilsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0062-8","article-title":"Long-term reduction in hyperglycemia in advanced type 1 diabetes: the value of induced aerobic glycolysis with BCG vaccinations","volume":"3","author":"K\u00fchtreiber","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4927","article-title":"Milk production and somatic cell counts: a cow-level analysis","volume":"95","author":"Hand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9060294","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms, gene expression and economic evaluation of parameters associated with mastitis susceptibility in European cattle breeds","volume":"9","author":"Ateya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.02.018","article-title":"Differential macrophage function in Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cattle","volume":"181","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-023-00250-z","article-title":"Selective breeding can contribute to bovine tuberculosis control and eradication","volume":"76","author":"Banos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00626","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of copper on microorganisms isolated from bovine mastitis","volume":"7","author":"Reyes-Jara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202810","article-title":"Heat stress increases mammary epithelial cells and reduces viable immune cells in Milk of dairy cows","volume":"12","author":"Lengi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08989-5","article-title":"Gene expression profile of placentomes and clinical parameters in the cows with retained placenta","volume":"23","author":"Moradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.06.004","article-title":"Bovine placenta: a review on morphology, components, and defects from terminology and clinical perspectives","volume":"80","author":"Peter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.06.015","article-title":"Fluctuation of neutrophil counts around parturition in Holstein dairy cows with and without retained placenta","volume":"107","author":"Moretti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081397","article-title":"The role of innate immune response and microbiome in resilience of dairy cattle to disease: the mastitis model","volume":"10","author":"Bronzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02482-0","article-title":"The influence of the gut microbiome on BCG-induced trained immunity","volume":"22","author":"Stra\u017ear","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01354-4","article-title":"Parenteral BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and trained immunity via the gut-lung axis","volume":"23","author":"Jeyanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00222-10","article-title":"Field evaluation of the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin against bovine tuberculosis in neonatal calves in Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Ameni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.05.022","article-title":"Field evaluation of the protective efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine against bovine tuberculosis","volume":"88","author":"Lopez-Valencia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.07.029","article-title":"Efficacy of oral BCG vaccination in protecting free-ranging cattle from natural infection by Mycobacterium bovis","volume":"208","author":"Nugent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702402","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.702402","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of BCG in protecting against contact challenge with bovine tuberculosis in Holstein-Friesian and zebu crossbred calves in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Bayissa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091083","article-title":"Vaccination of calves with the Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain induces protection against bovine tuberculosis in dairy herds under a natural transmission setting","volume":"12","author":"Abalos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12356","article-title":"The safety of BCG vaccination in cattle: results from good laboratory practice safety studies in calves and lactating cows","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1278329\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T10:09:29Z","timestamp":1696586969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1278329\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2023.1278329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2023.1278329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"article-number":"1278329"}}