{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:28:31Z","timestamp":1791750511770,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fermented feed on growth performance, antioxidant indexes and intestinal health in lion-head goslings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>288 male lion-head goslings (one-day-old) were randomly divided into four groups (6 replicates per group, 12 samples per replicate): control group (basal diet) and fermented feed (FF) groups (basal diet supplemented with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% FF, respectively). The experimental period lasted 28 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that 5.0 and 7.5% FF groups decreased feed conversion rate (FCR) when compared with the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The 5.0% FF group reduced the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum; while the 7.5% FF group decreased the concentration of total cholesterol (TC), ALP and LDH activity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Furthermore, the 7.5% FF group significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); 2.5% and 5.0% FF groups significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); all FF groups increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in serum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). For intestinal health, the villous height and villi\/crypt ratio in jejunum were increased in all FF groups, but crypt depth was decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); The 5.0% FF groups enhanced T-AOC activity in jejunum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); The 2.5% and 5.0% FF groups enhanced GSH-Px activity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) in jejunum; All FF groups reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) level in jejunum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). LEfSe analysis showed that the cecum microbiota was significantly dominant in the 2.5% FF group compared to the control group including <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lactobacillales<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>; the flora that were significantly dominant in the 5.0% FF group compared to the control group included <jats:italic>Bacteroidaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Megamonas<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>; and the groups that were significantly dominant in the 7.5% FF group compared to the control group included <jats:italic>Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroidaceae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, dietary FF supplementation improved growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant capacity of lion-head goslings, as well as improved jejunal tissue morphology and optimized intestinal flora structure. In particular, the FF addition at a dose of 7.5% was relatively more effective for lion- head goslings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1284523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T11:24:28Z","timestamp":1698924268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of fermented feed on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of lion-head goslings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhiqi","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102799","article-title":"Effects of different fermented feeds on production performance, cecal microorganisms, and intestinal immunity of laying hens","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.20.0445","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with different fermented feeds on performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum biochemical indexes of fattening lambs","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8829-4","article-title":"Microbiota in fermented feed and swine gut","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.2527\/1992.703818x","article-title":"Apparent digestibility of amino acids in raw and heated conventional and low-trypsin-inhibitor soybeans for pigs","volume":"70","author":"Herkelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185590","article-title":"Comparative characterization of bacterial communities in geese fed all-grass or high-grain diets","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.11.001","article-title":"Recent advances in fermented feeds towards improved broiler chicken performance, gastrointestinal tract microecology and immune responses: a review","volume":"5","author":"Sugiharto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Principles of fermentation technology","author":"Stanbury","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100676","article-title":"The impacts of fermented feed on laying performance, egg quality, immune function, intestinal morphology and microbiota of laying hens in the late laying cycle","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0653","article-title":"The use of fermented soybean meals during early phase affects subsequent growth and physiological response in broiler chicks","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13593","article-title":"The effect of fermented and raw rapeseed meal on the growth performance, immune status and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Effect of fermented Broussonetia Papyrifera feed on lactation performance of dairy goats","volume-title":"MD Diss. 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