{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:34Z","timestamp":1787027374129,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Contraception is often required for management and population control purposes in group-housed and free-roaming non-human primates. Long-acting reversible contraceptives, including subdermal progestin-releasing implants, are preferred as they eliminate challenges associated with frequent administration. Etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing subdermal implants are reversible and long-acting for a minimum of 3\u2009years, and are commercially available for human use as Implanon\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      or Nexplanon\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective analysis was performed detailing the contraceptive effectiveness and reversibility of subdermal placement of one-fourth or one-third of an ENG implant (68\u2009mg\/implant) in 129 female rhesus macaques (\n                      <jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and 67 cynomolgus macaques (\n                      <jats:italic>Macaca fascicularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, Netherlands). Furthermore, single cross-sectional ENG serum concentrations were measured for 16 rhesus and 10 cynomolgus macaques, and hemoglobin and blood chemistry pre-ENG and at timepoints &amp;gt;0.5, &amp;gt;1.5, and\u2009&amp;gt;\u20092.5\u2009years post-ENG insertion were evaluated for 24 rhesus macaques. Finally, data were obtained using trans-abdominal ultrasound regarding the influence of ENG on uterine volume and endometrial thickness in 14 rhesus and 11 cynomolgus macaques.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As a contraceptive ENG was in 99.80% (CI 93.50\u201399.99) and 99.95% (CI 99.95\u2013100) effective in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Prolonged ENG durations of implant use in 14 rhesus macaques (range 3.1\u20135.0\u2009years) and eight cynomolgus macaques (range 3.2\u20134.0\u2009years) resulted in no unintended pregnancies. A total of 17 female macaques were allowed to breed after ENG removal, and among them, 14 female macaques (82%) had an uneventful delivery. Serum ENG concentrations with a median ENG duration of 1.2\u2009years (range 0.1\u20136.0\u2009years) and 1.9\u2009years (range 0.6\u20134.7\u2009years) resulted in median concentrations of 112\u2009pg.\/mL (range 0\u2013305\u2009pg.\/mL) and 310\u2009pg.\/mL (range 183\u2013382\u2009pg.\/mL) for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. ENG had no clinical effect on hemoglobin and blood chemistry parameters nor on the thickness of the endometrial lining or uterus volume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that both one-fourth and one-third of the ENG implants are effective, long-acting, reversible, and safe contraceptive to use in macaques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1319862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]],"date-time":"2024-01-07T23:43:27Z","timestamp":1704671007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Annemiek","family":"Maaskant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly K.","family":"Scarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Roubos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annet L.","family":"Louwerse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmond J.","family":"Remarque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A. 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