{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T19:41:22Z","timestamp":1788637282941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> are on the WHO priority pathogens list because they are associated with high mortality, health-care burden, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a serious problem that threatens global public health and should be addressed through the One Health approach. Non-human primates (NHP) have a high risk of acquiring these antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to their close phylogenetic relationship with humans and increased anthropogenic activities in their natural environments. This study aimed to detect and analyze the genomes of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>) in NHP from the Peruvian Amazon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected a total of 119 fecal samples from semi-captive <jats:italic>Saguinus labiatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Saguinus mystax<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Saimiri boliviensis<\/jats:italic>, and captive <jats:italic>Ateles chamek<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cebus unicolor<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lagothrix lagothricha<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Sapajus apella<\/jats:italic> in the Loreto and Ucayali regions, respectively. Subsequently, we isolated and identified <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains by microbiological methods, detected ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> through antimicrobial susceptibility tests following CLSI guidelines, and analyzed their genomes using previously described genomic methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We detected that 7.07% (7\/99) of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains: 5.45% (3\/55) from Loreto and 9.09% (4\/44) from Ucayali, expressed ESBL phenotype. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of high-risk pandemic clones, such as ST10 and ST117, carrying a broad resistome to relevant antibiotics, including three <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub> variants: <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-55<\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-65<\/jats:sub>. Phylogenomic analysis confirmed the clonal relatedness of high-risk lineages circulating at the human-NHP interface. Additionally, two ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains were identified as EPEC (<jats:italic>eae<\/jats:italic>) and ExPEC according to their virulence profiles, and one more presented a hypermucoviscous phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report the detection and genomic analysis of seven ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains carrying broad resistome and virulence factors in NHP from two regions of the Peruvian Amazon. Some of these strains are closely related to high-risk pandemic lineages previously reported in humans and domestic animals, highlighting the negative impact of anthropogenic activities on Amazonian wildlife. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in NHP from the Amazon, underscoring the importance of adopting the One Health approach to AMR surveillance and minimizing the potential transmission risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria at the human-NHP interface.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1340428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T04:33:12Z","timestamp":1705379592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genomic insights into ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from non-human primates in the Peruvian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jhonathan","family":"Bazalar-Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thal\u00eda","family":"Silvestre-Espejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Cueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Carhuaricra Huam\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yennifer","family":"Ignaci\u00f3n Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Luna Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Rosadio Alc\u00e1ntara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenin","family":"Maturrano Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1951705","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: current status and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Sulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect 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