{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:58:40Z","timestamp":1787497120082,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to animal and human health, as well as food security and nutrition. Development of AMR is accelerated by over- and misuse of antimicrobials as seen in many livestock systems, including poultry production. In Vietnam, high AMR levels have been reported previously within poultry production, a sector which is dominated by small-scale farming, even though it is intensifying. This study focuses on understanding small- and medium-scale chicken farmers\u2019 knowledge and practices related to AMR by applying an item response theory (IRT) approach, which has several advantages over simpler statistical methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Farmers representing 305 farms in Thai Nguyen province were interviewed from November 2021 to January 2022, using a structured questionnaire. Results generated with IRT were used in regression models to find associations between farm characteristics, and knowledge and practice levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive results showed that almost all farmers could buy veterinary drugs without prescription in the local community, that only one third of the farmers received veterinary professional advice or services, and that the majority of farmers gave antibiotics as a disease preventive measure. Regression analysis showed that multiple farm characteristics were significantly associated to farmers\u2019 knowledge and practice scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights the complexity when tailoring interventions to move towards more medically rational antibiotic use at farms in a setting with high access to over-the-counter veterinary drugs and low access to veterinary services, since many on-farm factors relevant for the specific context need to be considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1319933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T09:06:03Z","timestamp":1712307963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Understanding Vietnamese chicken farmers\u2019 knowledge and practices related to antimicrobial resistance using an item response theory approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Nohrborg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thinh","family":"Nguyen-Thi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huyen Nguyen","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Boqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef D.","family":"J\u00e4rhult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"387","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in animal production","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00002-11","article-title":"Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2014.901445","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance--consequences for animal health, welfare, and food production","volume":"119","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Drug-resistant infections: A threat to our economic future","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1944","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"365","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.733","article-title":"Resistance in Bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies","volume":"6","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10010278","article-title":"Transfer of multidrug-resistant Bacteria between intermingled ecological niches: the Interface between humans, animals and the environment","volume":"10","author":"da Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4006","article-title":"ECDC\/EFSA\/EMA first joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Bacteria from humans and food-producing animals. 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