{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:54:15Z","timestamp":1792623255632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease which domestic ruminants are the main source of infection for humans. This scoping review summarizes the control measures currently available to reduce <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Cb<\/jats:italic>) infection in naturally infected sheep, goat and cattle herds. A total of 28 articles were included in the review. A lack of methodological standardization was noted in the articles analyzed. The results indicated that long-term vaccination in cows reduces bacterial excretion in milk and environmental contamination. In small ruminants, the results of vaccination in terms of efficacy are variable. In goats, there is a reduction in bacterial excretion, unlike in sheep, where a long-term vaccination program is necessary to reduce bacterial excretion. Moreover, the high persistence of viable <jats:italic>Cb<\/jats:italic> in the environment means that control measures for sheep are needed for several years. The use of antibiotics as a control measure in cows and sheep was not found to reduce excretion. However, the combination of vaccination with antibiotic therapy appears to have positive effects in small ruminants in terms of controlling outbreaks of Q fever. Hygiene and biosecurity measures are the basic means for controlling <jats:italic>Cb<\/jats:italic> infection on ruminant farms and ensuring public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1321553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T04:35:07Z","timestamp":1707971707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Controlling Coxiella burnetii in naturally infected sheep, goats and cows, and public health implications: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Toledo-Perona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Gomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Quereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886810","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.886810","article-title":"Immunogenicity and reactogenicity in Q fever vaccine development","volume":"13","author":"Fratzke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"92","article-title":"A case of imported Q fever in New Zealand","volume":"132","author":"Fox-Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Zeal Med J."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Q fever \u2013Annual epidemiological report for 2019.2019"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2014.02.006","article-title":"Q fever in the Netherlands\u22122007\u20132010: what we learned from the largest outbreak ever","volume":"44","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"M\u00e9dec Maladies Infect."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Scientific Opinion on Q fever.2010"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.010","article-title":"Effect of vaccination with phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii vaccines in pregnant goats","volume":"15","author":"Arricau-Bouvery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.038","article-title":"Q fever, state of art: epidemiology, diagnosis and prophylaxis","volume":"62","author":"Rodolakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2014.01.007","article-title":"Zoonoses in goats: how to control them","volume":"121","author":"Rodolakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169534","article-title":"Zoonoses in veterinary students: a systematic review of the literatura","volume":"12","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0413","article-title":"Acute Q fever case detection among acute febrile illness patients, Thailand, 2002\u20132005","volume":"98","author":"Greiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"165","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in the environment: a systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods","volume-title":"Zoonoses Public Health.","author":"Abeykoon","year":"2021"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2009.07.015","article-title":"Investigation of humoral and cellular immunity of dairy cattle after one or two years of vaccination with a phase I Coxiella vaccine","volume":"1","author":"Rodolakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Vaccinol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12086","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of phase i inactivated vaccines to reduce shedding of Coxiella burnetii from sheep and goats from routes of public health importance","volume":"61","author":"O'Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000188081","article-title":"Q fever diagnosis and control in domestic ruminants","volume":"135","author":"Roest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Biol (Basel)."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"119","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infections in sheep or goats: an opinionated review","volume-title":"Vet Microbiol.","author":"Brom","year":"2015"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"The Center for Food Security & Public Health. Q fever2017"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12865","article-title":"Biosecurity practices in Belgian cattle farming: Level of implementation, constraints and weaknesses","volume":"65","author":"Renault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transb Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-48","article-title":"Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team's experience with Arksey and O'Malley's framework","volume":"13","author":"Daudt","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"2","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00011","article-title":"Scoping reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis: applications in veterinary medicine","volume":"7","author":"Sargeant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Veter Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1806-31","article-title":"Management of a Coxiella burnetii-infected sheep flock after an outbreak of Q fever in humans","volume":"43","author":"Avbersek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish J Veter Animal Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.11.014","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii shedding and environmental contamination at lambing in two highly naturally-infected dairy sheep flocks after vaccination","volume":"1","author":"Astobiza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.01.017","article-title":"Kinetics of Coxiella burnetii excretion in a commercial dairy sheep flock after treatment with oxytetracycline","volume":"184","author":"Astobiza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veter J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.028","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of oxytetracycline treatment followed by vaccination against Q fever in a highly infected sheep flock","volume":"196","author":"Astobiza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veter J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00352","article-title":"Monitoring Coxiella burnetii infection in naturally infected dairy sheep flocks throughout four lambing seasons and investigation of viable bacteria","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Veter Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.23.737","article-title":"Spread of Coxiella burnetii infection in a flock of sheep after an episode of Q fever","volume":"157","author":"Berri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366-126-3","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of a Coxiella burnetii-infected sheep flock after vaccination and antibiotic treatment under field conditions","volume":"126","author":"Eibach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7405","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05530-11","article-title":"Four-year evaluation of the effect of vaccination against Coxiella burnetii on reduction of animal infection and environmental contamination in a naturally infected dairy sheep flock","volume":"77","author":"Astobiza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01650","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01650-18","article-title":"A Q fever outbreak with a high rate of abortions at a dairy goat farm: Coxiella burnetii shedding, environmental contamination, and viability","volume":"84","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.12.1379","article-title":"Epizootiological investigation of a Q fever outbreak and implications for future control strategies","volume":"247","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.025","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular typing of Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk in Belgian dairy goats, 2009\u20132013","volume":"170","author":"Boarbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02220.x","article-title":"Efficiency of a phase 1 vaccine for the reduction of vaginal Coxiella burnetii shedding in a clinically affected goat herd","volume":"15","author":"Rousset","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00892.x","article-title":"Assessment of vaccination by a phase I Coxiella burnetii-inactivated vaccine in goat herds in clinical Q fever situation","volume":"64","author":"de Cremoux","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.2376\/0005-9366-126-394","article-title":"fever outbreak in a goat herd\u2013diagnostic investigations and measures for control","volume":"126","author":"Sting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.062","article-title":"Humoral immune response to Q fever vaccination of three sheep flocks naturally pre-infected with Coxiella burnetii","volume":"5","author":"Bauer","year":"2021"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101157","article-title":"Reduction of Coxiella burnetii Prevalence by Vaccination of Goats and Sheep, the Netherlands","volume":"1","author":"Hogerwerf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"159","article-title":"Vaccination of Q-fever Infected cattle - the effect on excretion of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"36","author":"Schmittdiel","year":"1981"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119513","article-title":"Q fever studies in Southern California. XIII Vaccination of dairy cattle against Q fever","volume":"55","author":"Luoto","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Hygiene."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.2014.005","article-title":"Serological and shedding patterns after Coxiella burnetii vaccination in the third gestation trimester in dairy cows","volume":"62","author":"Tutusaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2015.020","article-title":"Effects of long-term vaccination against Coxiella burnetii on the fertility of high-producing dairy cows","volume":"63","author":"Garcia-Ispierto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.06.023","article-title":"Prevention of Coxiella burnetii shedding in infected dairy herds using a phase IC-burnetii inactivated vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Guatteo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"486","article-title":"Immunization against Q-fever of naturally infected dairy cows","volume":"19","author":"S\u00e1deck\u00fd","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"200","article-title":"Vaccination of cattle against Q-fever","volume":"19","author":"S\u00e1deck\u00fd","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0047-1","article-title":"Progression of Coxiella burnetii infection after implementing a two-year vaccination program in a naturally infected dairy cattle herd","volume":"22","author":"Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2307\/4587636","article-title":"Q Fever Studies in Southern California: XII","volume":"16","author":"Luoto","year":"1951"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.027","article-title":"Effectiveness of vaccination and antibiotics to control Coxiella burnetii shedding around calving in dairy cows","volume":"159","author":"Taurel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2013.10.002","article-title":"Vaccination using phase I vaccine is effective to control Coxiella burnetii shedding in infected dairy cattle herds","volume":"37","author":"Taurel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2009.07.015","article-title":"Investigation of humoral and cellular immunity of dairy cattle after one or two year of vaccination with a phase I Coxiella vaccine","volume":"1","author":"Rodolakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Vaccinol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1104.041036","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk samples, United States","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817002308","article-title":"Estimation of the frequency of Q fever in sheep, goat and cattle herds in France: results of a 3-year study of the seroprevalence of Q fever and excretion level of Coxiella burnetii in abortive episodes","volume":"145","author":"Gache","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.111","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii DNA in goat milk after vaccination with Coxevac","volume":"29","author":"Hermans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1321553\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T04:35:23Z","timestamp":1707971723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1321553\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1321553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1321553","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"article-number":"1321553"}}