{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:10:40Z","timestamp":1793837440223,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    has recently been identified increasingly in dairy cows causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry.\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a causative agent for mastitis, pneumonia, endometritis, endocarditis, arthritis, otitis media, and many other clinical symptoms in cattle. However, some infected cows are asymptomatic or may not shed the pathogen for weeks to years. This characteristic of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , along with the lack of adequate testing and identification methods in many parts of the world until recently, has allowed the\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to be largely undetected despite its increased prevalence in dairy farms. Due to growing levels of antimicrobial resistance among wild-type\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates and lack of cell walls in mycoplasmas that enable them to be intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics that are widely used in dairy farms, there is no effective treatment for\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    mastitis. Similarly, there is no commercially available effective vaccine for\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    mastitis. The major constraint to developing effective intervention tools is limited knowledge of the virulence factors and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    mastitis. There is lack of quick and reliable diagnostic methods with high specificity and sensitivity for\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This review is a summary of the current state of knowledge of the virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and control of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    mastitis in dairy cows.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1322267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T23:26:12Z","timestamp":1709681172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in dairy cattle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aga E.","family":"Gelgie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benti D.","family":"Gelalcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oudessa","family":"Kerro Dego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Note: elevation of Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis to species rank: Mycoplasma bo\u03c5is (Hale et al.) comb. nov","volume":"26","author":"Askaa","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"582","article-title":"Bovine mastitis caused by a Mycoplasma species","volume":"52","author":"Hale","year":"1962","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211053254","article-title":"Production of granulomas in Mycoplasma bovis infection associated with meningitis-meningoencephalitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia in cattle","volume":"34","author":"Suwanruengsri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.10.020","article-title":"Mycoplasma bovis and otitis in dairy calves in the United Kingdom","volume":"179","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2019.07.003","article-title":"Bovine endocarditis associated with Mycoplasma bovis","volume":"171","author":"Kanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.01.006","article-title":"Herd-specific strains of Mycoplasma bovis in outbreaks of mycoplasmal mastitis and pneumonia","volume":"157","author":"Aebi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d2468","article-title":"Bovine mycoplasmosis: silent and deadly","volume":"168","author":"Nicholas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Allan","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4813","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19171","article-title":"Mycoplasma species isolated from bovine milk collected from US dairy herds between 2016 and 2019","volume":"104","author":"Gioia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(02)00155-8","article-title":"Mycoplasma bovis: disease, diagnosis, and control","volume":"74","author":"Nicholas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Determining U.S. Milk quality using bulk tank somatic cell counts, 2019, Info Sheet, Fort Collins, CO","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"29","article-title":"Mastitis due to Mycoplasma in the state of New York during the period 1972-1990","volume":"82","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens on U.S. dairy operations","volume-title":"Agriculture","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","author":"Fernando Ulloa","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Recommended Mastitis Control Program \u2013 North American version. 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