{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:06:53Z","timestamp":1769846813741,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seven teeth extracted from two adult California sea lions (<jats:italic>Zalophus californianus<\/jats:italic>) due to pulp exposure and\/or to gain access to the mandibular canine teeth were histologically evaluated, and the findings were compared with clinical and radiographic findings. Three teeth were diagnosed with pulp exposure, and two of these showed no radiographic signs of endodontic disease and were histologically vital with prominent coronal pulpitis and a pulp polyp. Another tooth with pulp exposure was showing clinical and radiographic signs of endodontic disease and was histologically confirmed with pulp necrosis. A discoloured incisor tooth was showing radiographic signs of endodontic disease and was also histologically non-vital. Two clinically and radiographically healthy mandibular first premolar teeth and one second incisor tooth had no evidence of pulpitis or pulp necrosis but had pulp canal obliteration. Regular clinical and radiographic follow-up for 5\u2009months to 3\u2009years after the procedures confirmed uneventful healing of the extraction sites, despite initial flap\u2019s dehiscence. Although extractions of affected teeth in California sea lions are considered the most practical and beneficial therapy, these are associated with the risks of extensive trauma and anaesthesia and the need to perform these surgical procedures on-site under variable conditions. As California sea lions can be trained to allow conscious dental radiographic re-checks, monitoring teeth with clinical signs of pulp polyp formation and without radiographic signs of endodontic disease warrant further evaluation\/reconsideration from previous recommendations. Endodontic treatment of abscessed teeth in California sea lions is reportedly unsuccessful and is discouraged. However, vital pulpectomy could be an alternative treatment to extraction in teeth with pulp polyps as it was found to be highly successful in humans, but the possibility of endodontic failure and need for further treatments should be weighted in the treatment choice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1335960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T04:34:05Z","timestamp":1707798845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical, radiographic and histological findings of seven teeth from two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) housed under professional care"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Nemec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Gracis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Monreal-Pawlowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Magnone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Pritelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.871939","article-title":"Editorial: veterinary dentistry and oromaxillofacial surgery in wild and exotic animals","volume":"9","author":"Steenkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2014.02.004","article-title":"Dental pathology of the California Sea lion (Zalophus californianus)","volume":"151","author":"Sinai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Dental problems and their treatment in California Sea lions (","author":"Kertesz","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686023","article-title":"Relation of dental wear to the concentrations of essential minerals in teeth of the California Sea lion Zalophus californianus","volume":"115","author":"Labrada-Martag\u00f3n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"501","article-title":"Dentistry","volume-title":"CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine","author":"Holmstrom","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref6","author":"Le-Bert","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-82852-9.00081-2","article-title":"Oral health in marine mammals","volume-title":"Fowler\u2019 s zoo and wild animal medicine current therapy","author":"Greenwood","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"unpaginated","article-title":"Dental checkup: extraction of fractured teeth in captive sea lions","volume":"34","author":"Istace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Tech"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Dental treatment of 4 California Sea lions in an indoor show facility in Canada. 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