{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:22:49Z","timestamp":1771518169918,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency and excess in clinically presented cats conventionally is diagnosed by comparison of patient plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) concentration with plasma reference intervals determined in healthy adult cats. For immature cats, validity of this vitamin D status assessment method is uncertain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall objective was determination of whether plasma concentration of 25 (OH) D and other vitamin D metabolites in immature cats markedly change with developmental age as has been reported in other species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four male and 4 female domestic short-hair kittens from weaning were continuously presented a single nutritionally adequate growth-diet. Concentrations of 25 (OH) D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25 (OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D), and calcitriol were quantified in plasma of jugular venous blood collected at 12, 15, 18, and 21\u2009weeks and 1\u2009year of age. Plasma was liquid and solid-phase extracted and fractionation by normal-phase HPLC, and 25 (OH) D and 24,25 OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D quantified by reverse-phase HPLC-UV and calcitriol by RIA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma 3-epi-25 (OH) D and 25 (OH) D concentrations increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) with age so that by study end the concentrations rose by 1-and 2-fold, respectively. Concentrations of 3-epi-25 (OH) D relative to 25 (OH) D were 30% at 12\u2009weeks and 20% at 1\u2009year. Between ages 12 and 21\u2009weeks, rises in 25 (OH) D concentration were positively correlated with body weight gains (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.952, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and 24,25 (OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D concentrations were consistently greater than 25 (OH) D concentrations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). At 1 year of age, concentrations of 24,25 (OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D declined below those of 25 (OH) D and 3-epi-24,25 (OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D consistency occurred in low concentrations. Vitamin D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> metabolites and sex differences in metabolite concentrations were not observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reliance on quantification of plasma 25 (OH) D concentration for vitamin D status assessment in kittens may be confounded by developmental changes in 25 (OH) D independent of vitamin D intake. High 24,25 (OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D concentration and occurrence of 3-epi-25 (OH) D in plasma additionally may interfere with the quantification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1365204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T12:35:32Z","timestamp":1714653332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Age-dependent changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D may complicate vitamin D status assessment of immature cats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Backus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devon C.","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17693523","article-title":"Previously undescribed vitamin D C-3 epimer occurs in substantial amounts in the blood of cats","volume":"20","author":"Sprinkle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654629","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.654629","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 supplementation on plasma vitamin D epimeric metabolites in adult cats","volume":"8","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221090713","article-title":"Dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 effects on vitamin D status, plasma metabolites and urine mineral excretion in adult cats","volume":"24","author":"Corugedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.11.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: historical overview","volume":"100","author":"DeLuca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vitam Horm"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15897","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311473200","article-title":"C-3 epimerization of vitamin D3 metabolites and further metabolism of C-3 epimers: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is metabolized to 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and subsequently metabolized through C-1alpha or C-24 hydroxylation","volume":"279","author":"Kamao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020470","article-title":"Epimers of Vitamin D: a review","volume":"21","author":"Al-Zohily","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2007.007091","article-title":"Accuracy and clinical implications of seven 25-hydroxyvitamin D methods compared with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as a reference","volume":"45","author":"Roth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.037","article-title":"Analytical measurement and clinical relevance of vitamin D (3) C3-epimer","volume":"46","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149190","article-title":"Impact of increasing dietary calcium levels on calcium excretion and Vitamin D metabolites in the blood of healthy adult cats","volume":"11","author":"Pa\u00dflack","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002751","article-title":"Effects of the long-term feeding of diets enriched with inorganic phosphorus on the adult feline kidney and phosphorus metabolism","volume":"121","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of 25-hydroxy, 24,25-dihydroxy-, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D without use of HPLC","volume":"47","author":"McGraw","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.05.003","article-title":"The ratio of serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) is predictive of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) response to vitamin D(3) supplementation","volume":"126","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0710","article-title":"C-3 epimers can account for a significant proportion of total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants, complicating accurate measurement and interpretation of vitamin D status","volume":"91","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00275-7","article-title":"Vitamin D3 metabolism in dogs","volume":"197","author":"Hazewinkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8161568x","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of calcium homeostasis in two breeds of dogs during growth at different rates","volume":"81","author":"Tryfonidou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.4.909","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in growing kittens is related to dietary intake of cholecalciferol","volume":"129","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050058","article-title":"Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men","volume":"8","author":"Barger-Lux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13478264","article-title":"Mineral metabolism in growing cats: changes in the values of blood parameters with age","volume":"15","author":"Pineda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1448-1","article-title":"Kidney and cystic volume imaging for disease presentation and progression in the cat autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease large animal model","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1500","article-title":"Chronic ingestion of high concentrations of cholecalciferol in cats","volume":"62","author":"Sih","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.01.013","article-title":"Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase\u2014four decades of searching, are we there yet?","volume":"523","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5698","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.12.7178","article-title":"Alterations in the growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor I pathways in feline GM1 gangliosidosis","volume":"140","author":"Cox","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030140","article-title":"Evaluation of weight gain, clinicopathological and radiographic changes after early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism in cats","volume":"9","author":"Golinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20021651","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of the human sterol 27-hydroxylase gene CYP27A1","volume":"372","author":"Araya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0084-7","article-title":"High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in Sicilian children affected by growth hormone deficiency and its improvement after 12 months of replacement treatment","volume":"37","author":"Ciresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1840-4","article-title":"Vitamin D and growth hormone in children: a review of the current scientific knowledge","volume":"17","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15833","article-title":"Vitamin D status in cats with cardiomyopathy","volume":"34","author":"Ware","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00228-2","article-title":"Metabolism of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) and its C-3 epimer 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D (3) in neonatal human keratinocytes","volume":"66","author":"Reddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700293","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its C-3 epimer are elevated in the skin and serum of Skh-1 mice supplemented with dietary vitamin D3","volume":"61","author":"Teegarden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00381.x","article-title":"M-mode echocardiographic reference values in cats in the first three months of life","volume":"40","author":"Schille","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153429","article-title":"Establishing allometric relationships between microsomal protein and cytochrome P450 content with body weight in vertebrate species","volume":"486","author":"Lautz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16263","article-title":"Clinical progression of cats with early-stage chronic kidney disease fed diets with varying protein and phosphorus contents and calcium to phosphorus ratios","volume":"35","author":"Schauf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"81","article-title":"\u201cCYP24A1: structure, function, and physiological role,\u201d in Vitamin D","volume-title":"Biochemistry, physiology and diagnostics","author":"St-Arnaud","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E505","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00236.2002","article-title":"24-hydroxylase: potential key regulator in hypervitaminosis D3 in growing dogs","volume":"284","author":"Tryfonidou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.4.1193","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D","volume":"78","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0960444","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in acromegaly","volume":"96","author":"Lund","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(03)00054-7","article-title":"Growth hormone modulates cholecalciferol metabolism with moderate effects on intestinal mineral absorption and specific effects on bone formation in growing dogs raised on balanced food","volume":"25","author":"Tryfonidou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111373","article-title":"Growth curves and body condition of young cats and their relation to maternal body condition","volume":"12","author":"Opsomer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277531","article-title":"Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in intact domestic shorthair kittens from the USA","volume":"17","author":"Salt","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2018.7","article-title":"Effects of body fat mass and therapeutic weight loss on vitamin D status in privately owned adult dogs","volume":"7","author":"Hookey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511003333","article-title":"Birth weight and postnatal growth of pure-bred kittens","volume":"106","author":"Moik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1365204\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1714653337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1365204\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1365204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1365204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"article-number":"1365204"}}