{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:38:08Z","timestamp":1768815488752,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liposomal bupivacaine, a long-acting local anesthetic, is sold in single-dose vials at a cost of approximately $200\/20\u2009mL vial. As many veterinary patients are not dosed an entire vial, the vials have been used for multiple doses at our institution to provide cost savings. Multiple punctures of a vial can lead to increased opportunity for contamination of the contents. This study aims to describe our institutional procedure for multi-dose use of single-dose liposomal bupivacaine vials and to evaluate clinically utilized liposomal bupivacaine for bacterial and fungal contamination using molecular and bacteriological methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The first (Control) and last (Sample B) 0.5\u2009mL from each vial were collected and submitted for bacterial and fungal PCR, anaerobic and aerobic bacterial culture, and opportunistic fungal culture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All 40 bacterial cultures yielded no growth; Bacterial or fungal DNA was identified in 19 samples (50%). Of the 19 samples in which bacterial or fungal DNA was identified, 10 (52.6%) were from Control, and 9 (47.4%) were from Sample B. PCR does not appear to be useful in detecting bacterial or fungal contamination from liposomal bupivacaine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results support the aseptic handling protocol described in this article is successful in preventing detectable bacterial and fungal contamination of liposomal bupivacaine vials for up to 7 individual punctures and vials open for up to 5\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1365679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T14:20:33Z","timestamp":1727360433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contamination of liposomal bupivacaine during multi-dose usage in a clinical setting evaluated by culture and PCR"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Melvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad S.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara D.","family":"Lawhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artem S.","family":"Rogovskyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelley M.","family":"Thieman Mankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Nocita","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.9.1011","article-title":"Comparison of liposomal bupivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride for control of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing Tibial Plateau leveling osteotomy","volume":"256","author":"Reader","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAVMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13976","article-title":"Postoperative injectable opioid use and incidence of surgical site complications after use of liposomal bupivacaine in canine gastrointestinal foreign body surgery","volume":"52","author":"Rahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet 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