{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:08:29Z","timestamp":1789567709830,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic pain can profoundly affect the wellbeing of dogs and our understanding is limited regarding the multidimensional impact it has on dog quality of life. This study aimed to assess the factors that are significant and predictive of chronic pain in dogs using the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) to further understand what factors influence their welfare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy six AWAG assessments were undertaken across 46 dogs that clinicians diagnosed as having musculoskeletal conditions that caused chronic pain. Wilcoxon-rank sum tests were used to assess the difference in scores between dogs with chronic pain and a cohort of healthy dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 143).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All physical factors besides body condition, and all psychological, environmental, and procedural factors were significantly different between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic pain, evidencing how chronic pain impacts all domains of a dog\u2019s life. Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (RS) revealed several significant strong positive correlations such as the association between the severity of clinical symptoms with poorer mobility and the frequency at which the dog experienced fearful stimuli. Logistic regression showed that fears and anxieties frequency, the dog\u2019s reaction to stressors, engagement with enrichment, and social interactions were significant predictors of chronic pain in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This highlights that typical signs of musculoskeletal disorders such as gait changes, stiffness, lameness might manifest after behavioral changes such as increased fearfulness, prolonged recovery from a stressful event, a reduced interested in social interactions, toys or play. Owners only seeking veterinary attention when the presence of physical signs of disease are evident may result in a delayed veterinary attention resulting in reduced welfare. Regular veterinary assessments combined with use of the AWAG can proactively identify these behavioral indicators and result in prompt treatment and improved quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1374858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T09:49:22Z","timestamp":1712224162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["How does chronic pain impact the lives of dogs: an investigation of factors that are associated with pain using the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Malkani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmini","family":"Paramasivam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wolfensohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"e643","article-title":"IASP\u2019s proposed new definition of pain","volume-title":"Pain Rep","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TVJL.2018.07.010","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life and chronic pain in dogs","volume":"239","author":"Belshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.i1489","article-title":"Chronic pain management in dogs and cats","volume":"38","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.09.018","article-title":"Towards a theory of chronic pain","volume":"87","author":"Apkarian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-022-00199-6","article-title":"Neuroplasticity related to chronic pain and its modulation by microglia","volume":"42","author":"Hiraga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60361-2_2","article-title":"Chronic pain: Pathophysiology and mechanisms","volume-title":"Essentials of Interventional Techniques in Managing Chronic Pain","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12172257","article-title":"The welfare of fighting dogs: wounds, neurobiology of pain, legal aspects and the potential role of the veterinary profession","volume":"12","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2003.50051","article-title":"The relationship between limb function and radiographic osteoarthrosis in dogs with stifle osteoarthrosis","volume":"32","author":"Gordon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040528","article-title":"A multidimensional evaluation of the factors in the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) that are associated with, and predictive of, behaviour disorders in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Malkani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TVJL.2018.04.013","article-title":"Measuring pain in dogs and cats using structured behavioural observation","volume":"236","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940017","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.940017","article-title":"Preliminary validation of a novel tool to assess dog welfare: The Animal Welfare Assessment Grid","volume":"9","author":"Malkani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102823","article-title":"Clinical indicators of occult musculoskeletal pain in aggressive dogs","volume":"176","author":"Barcelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.01.002","article-title":"Recognizing behavioral signs of pain and disease: A guide for practitioners","volume":"44","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102352","article-title":"Veterinarians\u2019 attitudes to chronic pain in dogs","volume":"175","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35656","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035656","article-title":"The assessment of post-vasectomy pain in mice using behaviour and the Mouse Grimace Scale","volume":"7","author":"Leach","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Pain-Measuring What Counts | International Animal Health Journal (IAHJ)","author":"Reid","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.02.002","article-title":"Pain mechanisms and their implication for the management of pain in farm and companion animals","volume":"174","author":"Vi\u00f1uela-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.17.525","article-title":"Development of a behaviour-based scale to measure acute pain in dogs","volume":"148","author":"Holton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s096272860003178x","article-title":"Development of the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and derivation of an analgesic intervention score","volume":"16","author":"Reid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.05.651","article-title":"Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs","volume":"214","author":"Firth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.44.3.197","article-title":"Assessment of pain in dogs: veterinary clinical studies","volume":"44","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2019.1680044","article-title":"Review of different methods used for clinical recognition and assessment of pain in dogs and cats","volume":"7","author":"Hernandez-Avalos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2023.02.006","article-title":"Dog owners\u2019 recognition of pain-related behavioral changes in their dogs","volume":"62","author":"Demirtas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.5.601","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a visual analogue scale used by owners to measure chronic pain attributable to osteoarthritis in their dogs","volume":"72","author":"Hielm-Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230315","article-title":"Do dog breeds differ in pain sensitivity? Veterinarians and the public believe they do","volume":"15","author":"Gruen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.11.007","article-title":"A survey study on the recognition and treatment of pain in dogs and cats by Slovenian veterinarians","volume":"48","author":"Tomsi\u010d","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00152","article-title":"The canine frustration questionnaire\u2014development of a new psychometric tool for measuring frustration in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris)","volume":"6","author":"McPeake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3152130.3152146","article-title":"Utilising dog-computer interactions to provide mental stimulation in dogs especially during ageing","volume-title":"ACM International Conference Proceeding Series","author":"Wallis","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00755.x","article-title":"Assessment of companion animal quality of life in veterinary practice and research","volume":"50","author":"Yeates","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-020-0080-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical management of elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Canine Med Genet"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1902-0","article-title":"Health-related welfare prioritisation of canine disorders using electronic health records in primary care practice in the UK","volume":"15","author":"Summers","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v021.i12","article-title":"Reshaping data with the reshape package","volume":"21","author":"Wickham","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","article-title":"Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent","volume":"33","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0311-2","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the canine brief pain inventory in a Swedish sample of dogs with pain related to osteoarthritis","volume":"59","author":"Essner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.09.015","article-title":"Quality of life is reduced in obese dogs but improves after successful weight loss","volume":"192","author":"German","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12004","article-title":"Comparison of Force Plate Gait Analysis and Owner Assessment of Pain Using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory in Dogs with Osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.h5763","article-title":"Investigation and management of canine osteoarthritis","volume":"38","author":"Pettitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"In Pract."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1708524","article-title":"Evaluation of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous Adipose Tissue for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Clinical Study in Dogs","volume":"33","author":"Pavarotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105198","article-title":"Could it be osteoarthritis? How dog owners and veterinary surgeons describe identifying canine osteoarthritis in a general practice setting","volume":"185","author":"Belshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.1467","article-title":"A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of Capromorelin in Dogs with Reduced Appetite","volume":"30","author":"Zollers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.08.001","article-title":"Management of Anorexia in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Clinics","volume":"36","author":"Delaney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small Anim. Pract"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.11.1260","article-title":"Recognizing, describing, and managing reduced food intake in dogs and cats","volume":"251","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.12.004","article-title":"Fear responses to noises in domestic dogs: Prevalence, risk factors and co-occurrence with other fear related behaviour","volume":"145","author":"Blackwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.02.008","article-title":"Dissecting the neural circuitry of fear-induced appetite suppression","volume":"109","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020318","article-title":"Pain and problem behavior in cats and dogs","volume":"10","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121133","article-title":"A review of medical conditions and behavioral problems in dogs and cats","volume":"9","author":"Camps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7292","article-title":"2022 AAHA pain management guidelines for dogs and cats","volume":"58","author":"Gruen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2450-y","article-title":"Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, and pain assessments in dogs suffering from traumatic bone fractures","volume":"10","author":"Srithunyarat","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851993591.0171","article-title":"Quantifying some responses to pain as a stressor","volume-title":"The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for animal welfare","author":"Mellor","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.08.008","article-title":"The relationship between aggression and physical disease in dogs","volume":"54","author":"Amat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(02)00454-0","article-title":"Perceived control reduces emotional stress in patients with heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Dracup","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(79)90001-9","article-title":"Controllability and human stress: Method, evidence and theory","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.09.006","article-title":"Cooperation and competition during dyadic play in domestic dogs, Canis familiaris","volume":"73","author":"Bauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.09.007","article-title":"Why do dogs play? Function and welfare implications of play in the domestic dog","volume":"197","author":"Sommerville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00017","article-title":"Noise sensitivities in dogs: An exploration of signs in dogs with and without musculoskeletal pain using qualitative content analysis","volume":"5","author":"Lopes Fagundes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e772","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.772","article-title":"Initial evaluation of nighttime restlessness in a naturally occurring canine model of osteoarthritis pain","volume":"3","author":"Knazovicky","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105661","article-title":"Associations between osteoarthritis and duration and quality of night-time rest in dogs","volume":"253","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.09.001","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in dogs and cats: if only they could tell us if they hurt","volume":"38","author":"Mathews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin of North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.01.005","article-title":"A preliminary investigation into personality and pain in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Lush","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1414314","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000}},{"DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1458084","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1374858\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:56:02Z","timestamp":1721382962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1374858\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1374858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1374858","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.32388\/GIDAKI","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"article-number":"1374858"}}