{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:56:00Z","timestamp":1761519360554,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Etomidate, an agonist of the GABA A receptors, is available for clinical use either in combination with 35% propylene glycol or in a lipid emulsion. Its recognized ability to minimally impact the cardiovascular system made etomidate a suitable option for cardiac-compromised patients. Myoclonus and pain at the injection site are recognized side effects of etomidate in propylene glycol, affecting both human and veterinary species. There is no information available concerning potential side effect in minipigs. In the present case series, we report the side effects related to the use of etomidate in 35% propylene glycol in five Ellegaard G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs that underwent general anesthesia for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging days or weeks after experimentally induced myocardial infarction. Following intravenous injection of etomidate, laryngeal edema and hyperemia were observed in one case. In another case, tachycardia, apnea, and decreased oxygen saturation, accompanied by laryngeal edema and hyperemia, were observed, which resolved spontaneously in a few minutes. In the arterial or venous samples collected shortly after the induction of general anesthesia, hemolysis was macroscopically visible and subsequently confirmed with a hematological exam in all five cases, as well as hemoglobinuria. Necropsies carried out immediately after euthanasia confirmed macroscopic laryngeal edema, marked diffuse lung alveolar and interstitial edema and hyperemia at histology in one animal, and marked acute lung congestion in another animal. These side effects were not observed when etomidate in a lipid emulsion was injected into another 24 animals. The role played by the different formulations (propylene glycol versus lipidic formulation) has not yet been fully elucidated. Based on our observations, we recommend caution in using the formulation of etomidate in 35% propylene glycol in G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1376604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T11:17:46Z","timestamp":1720696666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case report: Side effects of etomidate in propylene glycol in five G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mariafrancesca","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"de Brot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Casoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811402846","article-title":"Swine as models in biomedical research and toxicology testing","volume":"49","author":"Swindle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd5758","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd5758","article-title":"Importance of the pig as a human biomedical model","volume":"13","author":"Lunney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"568","article-title":"The adult G\u00f6ttingen minipig as a model for chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction: focus on cardiovascular imaging and regenerative therapies","volume":"58","author":"Schuleri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.935","article-title":"Common swine models of cardiovascular disease for research and training","volume":"45","author":"Cris\u00f3stomo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239784731769636","DOI":"10.1177\/2397847317696367","article-title":"Comparative cardiovascular physiology and pathology in selected lineages of minipigs","volume":"1","author":"Stricker-Krongrad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Res Appl"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.30802\/aalas-jaalas-19-000137","article-title":"Anesthesia protocols used to create ischemia reperfusion myocardial infarcts in swine","volume":"59","author":"Cobo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-01038-6","article-title":"Etomidate and its analogs: a review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"60","author":"Valk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197709000-00021","article-title":"Effect of etomidate on the cardiovascular system","volume":"56","author":"Gooding","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00695.x","article-title":"Comparison of the cardiopulmonary parameters after induction of anaesthesia with alphaxalone or etomidate in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/53.6.591","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of etomidate with emphasis on regional myocardial blood flow and performance. 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