{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:19:25Z","timestamp":1790252365711,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) has historically been a fatal coronavirus disease in cats. In recent years, the therapeutic agent GS-441524, developed by Gilead Sciences, was found to be a successful treatment for FIP in most patients in clinical trials. However, this particular drug has remained stalled in the therapeutic pipeline, leaving patients and cat owners without a licensed medication. In the meantime, online social media platforms began to emerge, connecting cat owners with a community of citizen non-veterinary professionals sourcing unlicensed GS-441524.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study prospectively followed participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009141) that successfully completed 12 weeks of treatment, capturing their treatment experiences with self-administered GS-441524-like medication. A one-time survey was administered to enrolled participants with mixed format of questions (open-ended and multiple-choice) asking about treatment administration techniques, observed side effects of GS-441524, accrued cost, veterinarian involvement, impact on the cat-human bond, and social media usage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show cat owners experienced a shift in treatment modality from injectable GS-441524 to pill formulation across the treatment period. The average total cost of medication has decreased since 2021 to approximately USD 3100, and participants reported the human\u2013animal bond being affected negatively. Additionally, there was an increased trend in veterinarian awareness of GS-441524-like therapeutics and monitoring of clients undergoing treatment. Social media usage was reported as being important at the beginning of treatment to establish treatment administration but lessened by the end of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is the first detailed, prospective account of owner experiences with unlicensed GS-441524, raising an important discussion surrounding citizen veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1377207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T04:38:40Z","timestamp":1719376720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Owner experience and veterinary involvement with unlicensed GS-441524 treatment of feline infectious peritonitis: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Negash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Jacque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Novicoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha J. M.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199059","article-title":"An updated review of feline coronavirus: mind the two biotypes","volume":"326","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068","article-title":"Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: a review of the current literature","volume":"11","author":"Felten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.21825\/vdt.v89i2.16358","article-title":"A comparative study of techniques used for the diagnosis of effusive feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"89","author":"Hellemans","year":"2020","journal-title":"VDT"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X221118761","article-title":"2022 AAFP\/EveryCat feline infectious peritonitis diagnosis guidelines","volume":"24","author":"Thayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18758592","article-title":"Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: update on evidence supporting available tests","volume":"20","author":"Tasker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19825701","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"21","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Westgate","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.11.1378","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of Remdesivir for hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Whittington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101209","article-title":"Unlicensed Molnupiravir is an effective rescue treatment following failure of unlicensed GS-441524-like therapy for cats with suspected feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"11","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref11","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.0c00316","article-title":"Advantages of the parent nucleoside GS-441524 over Remdesivir for COVID-19 treatment","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"ref13","author":"Wright","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.08.0466","article-title":"Unlicensed antiviral products used for the at-home treatment of feline infectious peritonitis contain GS-441524 at significantly different amounts than advertised","volume":"262","author":"Kent","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082257","article-title":"Unlicensed GS-441524-like antiviral therapy can be effective for at-home treatment of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8120328","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of Mutian\u00ae Xraphconn on 141 client-owned cats with feline infectious peritonitis predicted by total bilirubin levels","volume":"8","author":"Katayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.04.026","article-title":"The nucleoside analog GS-441524 strongly inhibits feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in tissue culture and experimental cat infection studies","volume":"219","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Pedersen","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 \u2014 final report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13856","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): are they similar?","volume":"68","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref23","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref24","author":"Ferrara","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1845917","article-title":"Current status on treatment options for feline infectious peritonitis and SARS-CoV-2 positive cats","volume":"40","author":"Izes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Quart"},{"key":"ref27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","author":"Yinran","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1377207\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T04:38:42Z","timestamp":1719376722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1377207\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1377207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1377207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"article-number":"1377207"}}