{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:09:57Z","timestamp":1790806197468,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The negative effects of pain are a constant concern in the surgical management of animals, leading to the search for new drugs or more effective analgesic protocols to control this negative emotion. This study aimed to evaluate the nociceptive response of cannabidiol (CBD) alone and in combination with meloxicam using infrared pupillometry in female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) under isoflurane anesthesia. A total of 60 female dogs of different breeds were included. These dogs were randomly assigned to four study groups according to the treatment: Control Group (G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) receiving saline solution; group premedicated with meloxicam at a dose of 0.2\u2009mg Kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> IV (G<jats:sub>Melox<\/jats:sub>: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915). Postoperatively this drug was used at 0.1\u2009mg Kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> IV every 24\u2009h; the CBD-treated Group (G<jats:sub>CBD<\/jats:sub>: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) at a dose of 2\u2009mg Kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> orally in the preoperative. Postoperatively was administrated every 12\u2009h; and the Group premedicated with the combination of meloxicam and CBD (G<jats:sub>Melox\/CBD<\/jats:sub>: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) Meloxicam at a dose of 0.2\u2009mg Kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> IV preoperatively, and 0.1\u2009mg Kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> IV during the postoperative. CBD at a dose of 2\u2009mg Kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> orally in the preoperative, and every 12\u2009h in the postoperative. Treatments were administered for 48 postoperative hours. After OVH, the pupillary neurologic index, pupillary size, minimum diameter (MIN), percentage change, constriction latency (Lat), constriction velocity, and maximum constriction velocity were recorded as pupillometric variables in both eyes during events (E): Baseline (30\u2009min before drug administration), E<jats:sub>30 min<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>1h<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>2h<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>3h<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>4h<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>8h<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>12h<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>24h<\/jats:sub>, and E<jats:sub>48h<\/jats:sub>. The Short-Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (GCMPS-SF) was used to assess pain during the same events. Overall, it was observed that the pupillometric variables Size, MIN., and Lat. were significantly higher in G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> compared to the other groups during E<jats:sub>30 min<\/jats:sub>, E<jats:sub>1h<\/jats:sub>, and E<jats:sub>2h<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03), indicating greater pupil dilation in G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> animals. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were observed in GCMPS-SF between G<jats:sub>Melox<\/jats:sub>, G<jats:sub>CBD<\/jats:sub>, and G<jats:sub>Melox\/CBD<\/jats:sub> during the postoperative period (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). In contrast, the scores were statistically different compared to G<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.00001), where all animals in this group received rescue analgesia at 2\u2009h post-surgery. According to pupillometry and scores on the GCMPS-SF scale, it was observed that monotherapy with cannabidiol provides a similar analgesic effect to meloxicam alone or in combination with cannabidiol to manage acute pain in dogs. Similarly, these findings suggest that infrared pupillometry could be a tool for recognizing acute pain in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1380022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T13:38:29Z","timestamp":1720100309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessment of the nociceptive response to the use of cannabidiol alone and in combination with meloxicam through infrared pupillometry in female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Casas-Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mora-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agatha","family":"Miranda-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.17221\/5915-VETMED","article-title":"Pain 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