{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:43:57Z","timestamp":1784126637597,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the theoretical economic outcome of management changes that result in different levels of antimicrobial use (AMU) in two types of UK pig farm. A static farm economic pig production model (FEPM) was used on a representative \u2018Top-third\u2019 most profitable farm and a representative \u2018Mid-range\u2019 profitable farm. Three AMU theoretical management scenarios were investigated; (a) management changes leading to a reduction of AMU by 35% (AMU35); (b) more extensive management changes leading to a reduction of AMU by 95% (AMU95); and (c) implementing depopulation of the herd (AMU Depop). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of increases or decreases in pig revenue and feed price on farm gross margin under these scenarios. Over a single year, the AMU35 scenario was estimated to have a small positive impact (+3%) on both farm types. The other two AMU reduction scenarios had higher AMU reduction on farms but required higher variable cost and hence they resulted in lower farm profitability. There was a substantial reduction (up to \u221250%) in farm gross margin under these two AMU reduction scenarios in the modeled short-term time-period. The impact of the alternative AMU scenarios was slightly higher on a farm representing the \u2018Top-third\u2019 farm type, reducing farm gross margin further by 7% compared to the \u2018Mid-range\u2019 farm. Nevertheless, both farm types stay profitable under all three AMU scenarios. The results showed that in the modeled short-term implementing management changes that result in a reduction of on-farm AMU by 35% had a good economic outcome. In practice, the other two scenarios would be considered as longer-term strategies. Although both require higher initial costs to implement, the improved biosecurity and hygiene will benefit from lower disease occurrence for a longer term. Farm gross margins were, however, found to be highly sensitive to changes on market prices especially increasing feed prices. An increase of more than 15% in feed price moved a profitable farm into a loss-making farm. It will be economically challenging for uptakes of these, or similar, AMU reduction scenarios on farms if the market prices become un-favorable to pig farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1381499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T05:00:48Z","timestamp":1714453248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An economic assessment of alternative antimicrobial use scenarios on pig farms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shailesh","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria R.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Correia-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Nevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue C.","family":"Tongue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance \u2013 Global Report on Surveillance","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116001828","article-title":"Opinion paper: antibiotic resistance: mitigation opportunities in livestock sector development","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.743-749","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: one health approach","volume":"15","author":"Velazquez-Mera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6839","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80064-1","article-title":"The effects of antibiotic usage in food animals on the development of antimicrobial resistance of importance for humans in Campylobacter and Escherichia coli","volume":"1","author":"Aarestrup","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00145-X","article-title":"Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics: links between animals and humans","volume":"14","author":"Van den Bogaard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. 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