{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:08:33Z","timestamp":1785298113779,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human alveolar echinococcosis caused by <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic> is an important zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere. The life cycle of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> is maintained primarily in wild animals and requires an intermediate host (mainly small mammals). Human can become an intermediate host through accidental ingestion of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> eggs. Hokkaido Prefecture is the only area of Japan in which human alveolar echinococcosis is endemic. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the land use ecological factors associated with the density of red fox feces along paved roads and the relationship between the distributions of red fox (<jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>) populations and fox feces, which determine the level of hazard from eggs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A series of surveys was conducted in the central part of the Nemuro Peninsula of Hokkaido, excluding urban areas, over a total of 4\u2009years in May\u2013June in 2014 and 2016\u20132018 when red foxes remain with their cubs around the dens. Transects of 500\u2009m were set up on paved roads, and feces within the transects were counted. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to examine ecological factors including the principal components (PCs) of five land use\u2013type occupancy proportions within 500\u2009m and 1\u2009km, respectively, as explanatory fixed-effect variables. The number of feces in each transect was examined as the response variable using integrated nested Laplace approximation with negative binomial errors with a spatio-temporal autocorrelations structure to separate the effects of similarities of neighboring locations and annual variation. The multivariable models with the lowest widely applicable information criterion values were selected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The feces density was explained by the PC of the 500- m buffer (\u22120.27, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles: \u22120.44, \u22120.10) characterized by mixed forests (\u22120.82) and scarcity of residential areas (0.29) and the proximity to the nearest livestock farm house (\u22120.35, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles: \u22120.53, \u22120.17). This suggested that foxes defecate in the areas where prey is abundant, avoiding humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Policy discussions regarding bait distribution design targeting these conditions should be initiated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1387352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T05:10:33Z","timestamp":1730783433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ecological factors associated with fox feces density in an Echinococcus multilocularis endemic zone in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Megumi","family":"Fukui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohji","family":"Uraguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himika","family":"Numa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Karasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoruko","family":"Maita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terumi","family":"Yokozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Hayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Makita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-1786-8_2","article-title":"Parasitic helminths of medical and public health importance","volume-title":"Molecular systematics of parasitic helminths","author":"Thaenkham","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060453","article-title":"The molecular epidemiology of Echinococcus infections","volume":"9","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.037","article-title":"Echonococcosis: a review","volume":"13","author":"Moro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.3106\/1348-6160(2005)30[101:TESOEM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The epidemiological status of Echinococcus multilocularis in animals in Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"30","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mammal Study"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Pathophysiology and prevention of alveolar echinococcosis from the perspective of the relationship with occupation","volume":"51","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"JJOMT"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.09.001","article-title":"Prevention of alveolar echinococcosis\u2014ecosystem and risk management perspectives in Japan","volume":"89","author":"Konno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma1951.57.605","article-title":"Towards the risk management of echinococcosis - current status and strategies (in Japanese)","volume":"57","author":"Kamiya","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Jpn Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00532-9","article-title":"Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Loke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12939","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12939","article-title":"The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Natukunda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1093","article-title":"On a case of typical alveolar echinococcosis found recently in Japan. 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