{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:04:16Z","timestamp":1789495456482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molting is induced in commercial laying hens to rejuvenate the reproductive system and increase egg production. However, this process causes stress and reduces bird health and performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experiment was conducted to study the effect of multi probiotics and vitamin additives on induced molting in 240 ISA Brown hens. Hens were randomly divided into four groups receiving probiotic and vitamin additives (I\u2013IV) during different period of molting. During the whole molting process, the laying performance indexes such as egg laying rate, egg quality, ovary weight and oviduct lengths were measured, and the spleen index, serum immunoglobulin, immune response of NDV and AIV vaccine were monitored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molted hens resumed 50% egg production in just 37 days, with 1.62% mortality. Egg quality such as egg weight, yolk color, Haugh unit, eggshell strength and protein height were significantly improved. After the second production peak, the reproductive organs and immune organs returned to normal, and the immune antibody titer of NDV vaccine increased significantly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molting with probiotic and vitamin additives improve the laying performance and egg quality, reduce mortality, significantly improve immune function and vaccine titer, and help to enhance disease resistance and maintain production performance of aged laying hens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1387877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T14:40:42Z","timestamp":1727102442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhancing laying performance and immunity via probiotic and vitamin additives during induced molting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.965","article-title":"Historical and current molting practices in the U.S. table egg industry","volume":"82","author":"Bell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76784","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076784","article-title":"Recrudescence mechanisms and gene expression profile of the reproductive tracts from chickens during the molting period","volume":"8","author":"Jeong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.992","article-title":"Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced molt","volume":"82","author":"Webster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.9.1242","article-title":"Egg prices, feed costs, and the decision to molt","volume":"79","author":"McDaniel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20040015","article-title":"Induced moulting issues and alternative dietary strategies for the egg industry in the United States","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102189","article-title":"Effects of dietary organic acids and probiotics on laying performance, egg quality, serum antioxidants and expressions of reproductive genes of laying ducks in the late phase of production","volume":"101","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987241","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.987241","article-title":"Enhancing egg production and quality by the supplementation of probiotic strains (Clostridium and Brevibacillus) via improved amino acid digestibility, intestinal health, immune response, and antioxidant activity","volume":"13","author":"Obianwuna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.2.364","article-title":"Effects of a dried Bacillus subtilis culture on egg quality","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041072","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1041072","article-title":"Probiotic mediated intestinal microbiota and improved performance, egg quality and ovarian immune function of laying hens at different laying stage","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn\/1002-2481.2012.03.23","article-title":"Effects of combined probiotics supplemental diets to production performance and intestinal flora in laying hens","volume":"40","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shanxi Agric Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13022","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on production, hatching performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity and immune response of laying breeders","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.04.007","article-title":"Effects of dietary vitamins supplementation level on the production performance and intestinal microbiota of aged laying hens","volume":"99","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Effects of dietary supplemental vitamin E and chromium on egg production, egg quality and blood parameters of laying hens under thermoneutral or heat stressed conditions. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science","author":"Torki","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9056-7","article-title":"The effects of vitamin E on the antioxidant system, egg production, and egg quality in heat stressed laying hens","volume":"32","author":"Yardibi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey436","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on laying performance, egg quality, serum parameters, and cecal microflora of laying hens in the late phase of production","volume":"98","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/81.4.458","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplemental levels of vitamin A on the egg production and immune responses of heat-stressed laying hens","volume":"81","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01060.x","article-title":"Effects of dietary vitamin E on immunological stress of layers and their offspring","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0045","article-title":"The effect of different dietary levels of vitamin E and selenium on antioxidant status and immunological markers in serum of laying hens","volume":"16","author":"Zdu\u0144czyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0293-8","article-title":"Dietary vitamin D(3) supplementation protects laying hens against lipopolysaccharide-induced immunological stress","volume":"15","author":"Geng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9341-9","article-title":"Effects of vitamins, probiotics, and protein level on semen traits and some seminal plasma macro- and microminerals of male broiler breeders after zinc-induced molting","volume":"148","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Breeding method of repeated molting of laying hens. CN 201811293767.2","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effects of force molting on eggshell colour, egg production and quality traits in laying hens","volume":"164","author":"Aygun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revue de Med Vet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2022.2059339","article-title":"Practices and issues of moulting programs for laying hens: a review","volume":"63","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/78.2.171","article-title":"Effect of induced molting in laying hens on production and immune parameters","volume":"78","author":"Alodan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-2111-39","article-title":"Interaction effects of age and body weight losses during moulting on the performance ofcommercial laying hens","volume":"46","author":"Saleem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2006-00053","article-title":"Effect of molting method and dietary energy on postmolt performance of two strains of single comb white leghorn hens","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/13.4.673","article-title":"Farm Evaluation of Alternative Molting Procedures","volume":"13","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0620409","article-title":"The relationship between body weight loss during an induced molt and postmolt egg production, egg weight, and shell quality in caged layers","volume":"62","author":"Baker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1432032","article-title":"An appraisal of moulting on post-moult egg production and egg weight distribution in white layer hens; meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0731499","article-title":"Evaluation of molt induction to body weight loss of fifteen, twenty, or twenty-five percent by feed removal, daily limited, or alternate-day feeding of a molt feed","volume":"73","author":"Buhr","year":"1994","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668808417077","article-title":"Effect of body weight loss and feeding regimen on the performance of moulted breeder layers","volume":"29","author":"Hazan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Poultry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.4.543","article-title":"Alternative procedures for molt induction: practical aspects","volume":"82","author":"Bar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0632399","article-title":"A comparison of the effect of two force molting methods on performance of two commercial strains of laying hens","volume":"63","author":"Said","year":"1984","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0862-5","article-title":"Single and combined impacts of vitamin a and selenium in diet on productive performance, egg quality, and some blood parameters of laying hens during hot season","volume":"177","author":"Abd El-Hack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02546-6","article-title":"Effects of supplementation of dietary humate, probiotic, and their combination on performance, egg quality, and yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens","volume":"53","author":"Macit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13017","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E supplementation on performance, serum biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition of egg yolk in laying hens fed a diet containing ageing corn","volume":"103","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12377","article-title":"Effect of dietary vanadium and vitamin C on egg quality and antioxidant status in laying hens","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712183","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.712183","article-title":"A comparison of production performance, egg quality, and cecal microbiota in laying hens receiving graded levels of vitamin B(12)","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.971","article-title":"The physiology of induced molting","volume":"82","author":"Berry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02763","article-title":"A review on development of novel strategies for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in laying hens: fiber-based molt diets","volume":"92","author":"Ricke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.5.745","article-title":"Further evaluation of nonfeed removal methods for molting programs","volume":"83","author":"Biggs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102820","article-title":"Effect of induced molting on ovarian function remodeling in laying hens","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1109\/HHBE.2011.6027940","article-title":"Effects of organic acid in Folium Isatidis on the immune organ index and activity of enzymes involved in free radicals of immunosuppressed mice","author":"Guang-Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12358","article-title":"Effect of calcium with and without probiotic, lactose, or both on organ and body weights, immune response and caecal microbiota in moulted laying hens","volume":"100","author":"Dastar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.02.021","article-title":"Effects of compound probiotics on performance, intestinal microflora, antioxidant indices and immune function of broilers","volume":"24","author":"Shunzhen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese J Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.06.020","article-title":"Dynamics of innate immune response in Gallus domesticus using two methods of induced molting","volume":"120","author":"Sandhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00359-3","article-title":"Short-term intensive fasting enhances the immune function of red blood cells in humans","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Age"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2006-00401","article-title":"Molting in Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged laying hens fed alfalfa crumbles. IV. Immune and stress protein response","volume":"86","author":"Dunkley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poultry Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03710-4","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of different moulting methods on productive performance, egg quality, and antibody response of leghorn hens","volume":"55","author":"Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12087","article-title":"Effect of vitamins, protein level and probiotics on immune response of moulted male broiler breeders","volume":"98","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1387877\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T14:40:47Z","timestamp":1727102447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1387877\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1387877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1387877","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"article-number":"1387877"}}