{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:59:11Z","timestamp":1782734351410,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Grassland-livestock balance is an important principle of sustainable development of grassland livestock production and grassland ecosystem health. Grassland degradation becomes more serious at global scales and especially at the area that is sensitive to climate change and human activities. Decreases in pasture biomass and shifts in plant community composition in degraded grasslands can largely affect grazing behaviors of livestock. Up to date, however, it is unclear that whether livestock behaviors change across spatial and temporal scales and what key factors are to shape observed behavioral patterns of livestock.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, yak behaviors including grazing, rumination and walking on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were monitored by a continuous visual observation, to investigate temporal and spatial variations of grazing behavior of yaks (Bos grunniens); based on the data from public database in the past 18 years, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine the main factors that affect grazing behaviors and intake of yaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that grazing behaviors of yaks differed significantly within hours, among hours of each day and among days as well as across different observation sites. Intake rate of yaks was higher in the morning than in the afternoon, but walking speed showed an inverse trend compared with intake rate. Resting, altitude, the mean annual precipitation (MAP), the mean annual temperature (MAT), forage ash, yak age and season were the main predictors for yak intake, and forage and yak individual characteristics had direct effects on grazing behaviors and intake of yaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings confirm that grazing behaviors of yaks can vary even at small temporal scales and regional scales, which is closely related to the shift in forage quality and biomass caused by environmental changes. The study suggests that multiple factors can be responsible for the variation in livestock behaviors and shifts in behavioral patterns may consequently lead to positive or negative feedback to grassland ecosystems through plant-animal interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1393136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1718126718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Temporal\u2013spatial variability of grazing behaviors of yaks and the drivers of their intake on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Daraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingshan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaide","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac472f","article-title":"Sustainability challenges for the social-environmental systems across the Asian Drylands Belt","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GB006559","article-title":"Climate change dominated long-term soil carbon losses of inner Mongolian grasslands","volume":"34","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Biogeochem Cycles"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2011.01138.x","article-title":"Direct and indirect effects of grazing constrain shrub encroachment in semi-arid Patagonian steppes","volume":"15","author":"Cipriotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Veg Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.02.009","article-title":"Behavioral patterns of (co-)grazing cattle and sheep on swards differing in plant diversity","volume":"191","author":"Hilario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-016-0041-x","article-title":"Behaviour and browse species selectivity of heifers grazing in a temperate silvopastoral system","volume":"92","author":"Vandermeulen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2019.06.007","article-title":"Behavioural characteristics of yaks grazing summer and winter pastures on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2009.01.003","article-title":"Behavioural patterns of heifers under intensive and extensive continuous grazing on species-rich pasture in the Czech Republic","volume":"117","author":"Hejcmanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.12.002","article-title":"In pursuit of \u201cnormal\u201d: a review of the behaviour of cattle at pasture","volume":"138","author":"Kilgour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.11.002","article-title":"Grazing behavior of sheep at different stocking rates in the inner Mongolian steppe, China","volume":"129","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002064","article-title":"Updating maintenance energy requirement for the current sheep flocks and the associated effect of nutritional and animal factors","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Grazing management. 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