{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T13:07:53Z","timestamp":1793452073637,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The potential significance and importance of green iron nanoparticles (Nano-Fe) in poultry production lie in their capability to effectively tackle iron deficiency in poultry. Iron, an indispensable mineral for numerous physiological functions in birds, such as oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and immune response, underscores the critical need for adequate iron levels. Nevertheless, conventional iron supplementation methods frequently face hurdles like limited bioavailability rates in poultry. To enhance performance, and promote sustainable broiler productivity, Nano-Fe showed promise as an efficient feed supplement for broiler chickens. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of green Nano-Fe inclusions in diets on growth, ammonia excretion, carcass criteria, and meat quality in broiler chickens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 192 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, were assigned to three treatment diets including Nano-Fe oxide at 0, 20, or 40\u2009mg\/kg, respectively, for 42\u2009days. Each treatment comprised eight replicates, each with eight broiler chicks. Two phases comprised the 42-day study (0 to 21\u2009days for the starter and 21 to 42\u2009days for the finisher).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In comparison to the control group, the Nano-Fe oxide groups 20\u2009mg\/kg and 40\u2009mg\/kg linearly improved (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) body weight (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.574) and body weight gain (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.367) under hot climatic conditions at 42\u2009days of age. Furthermore, Nano-Fe oxide to broiler diets, improved (linear, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) feed conversion ratio (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.424) throughout whole periods. The feed intake did not show any significant difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05) among groups during the experimental periods under hot climatic conditions. The ammonia content of excreta (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.454) was linearly decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) with increasing Nano-Fe oxide levels in broiler diets compared to control at 21 and 42\u2009days of age under hot climatic conditions. Nano-Fe oxide positively influences cook loss, water-holding capacity, and iron content in various tissues. Moreover, it contributes to a healthier carcass yield and reduced abdominal fat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, broiler chickens fed diets containing Nano-Fe oxide at 20\u2009mg\/kg and 40\u2009mg\/kg demonstrated enhanced growth performance, improved meat quality, increased iron content in tissues, higher dressing percentage, and reduced abdominal fat deposition. Future research should explore the impact of green Nano-Fe oxide on additional factors such as the microbiome and gene expression related to immunity and heat stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1393335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T04:58:26Z","timestamp":1719896306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessment of dietary supplementation of green iron oxide nanoparticles: impact on growth performance, ammonia emissions, carcass criteria, tissue iron content, and meat quality in broiler chickens under hot climate conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yousri A. R.","family":"Almeldin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira E.","family":"Eldlebshany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enass Abd","family":"Elkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayant","family":"Lohakare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A. A.","family":"Abdel-Wareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Dietary iron source and level affect performance and iron metabolism in broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"Jahanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132212","article-title":"Iron, ferritin, and nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Theil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-84842008000200003","article-title":"Iron metabolism: an overview on the main mechanisms involved in its homeostasis","volume":"30","author":"Grotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.05.006","article-title":"Physiological functions of mineral micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, B, Cl)","volume":"12","author":"H\u00e4nsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Plant Biol"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"101","article-title":"Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition","volume":"145","author":"Selle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"143","article-title":"Iron amino acid chelate in broiler chicken production: a review","volume":"16","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100312S206","article-title":"A review of phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implications for bioavailability","volume":"31","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"129","article-title":"Effects of dietary iron oxide nanoparticles supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, meat quality and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens","volume":"235","author":"Khorrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of different levels of iron nanoparticles on performance, biochemical parameters, immune response, and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Fard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effect of different levels of nano iron supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and iron content of tissues in broiler chickens","volume":"10","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"487","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of nano-iron pyrophosphate improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, hematological and antioxidative status in broiler chickens","volume":"189","author":"Suryanarayana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"33","article-title":"The effect of iron nanoparticles and vitamin E on performance, immune responses, serum metabolites, and antioxidative status in broiler chickens","volume":"224","author":"Akbari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12040673","article-title":"Green nanotechnology: plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis and application","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"165","article-title":"Implications of using some phytoadditives in broiler nutrition\u2014a review","volume":"63","author":"Saracila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Pap Ser D"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11081105","article-title":"Nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of basil, thyme and sage plant additives and their functionality on broiler thigh meat quality","volume":"11","author":"Vlaicu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359213","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1359213","article-title":"The effect of combining green iron nanoparticles and algae on the sustainability of broiler production under heat stress conditions","volume":"11","author":"Almeldin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of poultry","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.03.004","article-title":"Supplemental dietary iron glycine modifies growth, immune function, and antioxidant enzyme activities in broiler chickens","volume":"176","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"170","article-title":"Effects of dietary iron oxide nanoparticles on the growth performance, biochemical constituents and physiological stress responses of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii post-larvae","volume":"4","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"In J Fish Aquat Stud"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.18689\/ijbr-1000107","article-title":"Temperature-humidity indices as indicators to heat stress of climatic conditions with relation to production and reproduction of farm animals","volume":"1","author":"Habeeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biotechnol Recent Adv"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0124","article-title":"Sageretia thea (Osbeck.) mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its biological applications","volume":"12","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2007-00112","article-title":"Instrumentation for evaluating differences in ammonia volatilization from broiler litter and cake","volume":"17","author":"Miles","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2167-9_5","article-title":"Measurement of water-holding capacity and juiciness","volume-title":"Quality attributes and their measurement in meat, poultry and fish products","author":"Honikel","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1740(98)00034-5","article-title":"Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat","volume":"49","author":"Honikel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"User\u2019s guide: statistics version 9.2.","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"612","article-title":"Comparison of dietary iron sources on growth performance, hemoglobin, iron concentration and ferritin of broilers","volume":"18","author":"Yasar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"474","article-title":"Effects of different iron sources and levels on growth performance, blood parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activity in broilers","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"3906","article-title":"The influence of different dietary levels of iron and zinc on the productive performance and biochemical parameters of broiler chicks","volume":"14","author":"Hafez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"645","article-title":"Feeding nonphytate phosphorus and phytase to broilers","volume":"94","author":"Pesti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex208","article-title":"Iron requirements of broiler breeder hens","volume":"96","author":"Taschetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1071\/EA08204","article-title":"Trace mineral nutrition for broiler chickens and prospects of application of organically complexed trace minerals: a review","volume":"49","author":"Bao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01737-z","article-title":"Effect of endoxylanase and iron oxide nanoparticles on performance and histopathological features in broilers","volume":"193","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1134\/S0012496611050188","article-title":"Iron nanoparticles as a food additive for poultry","volume":"440","author":"Nikonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dokl Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02284-8","article-title":"Effects of replacing inorganic with organic iron on performance, egg quality, serum and egg yolk lipids, antioxidant status, and iron accumulation in eggs of laying hens","volume":"199","author":"Sarlak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.21660\/2017.40.99216","article-title":"Research of opportunities for using iron nanoparticles and amino acids in poultry nutrition","volume":"13","author":"Donnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J GEOMATE"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2022.100322","article-title":"Effects of fulvic acids on gut barrier, microbial composition, fecal ammonia emission, and growth performance in broiler chickens","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068354","article-title":"Significant atmospheric aerosol pollution caused by world food cultivation","volume":"43","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.026","article-title":"The alterations of tracheal microbiota and inflammation caused by different levels of ammonia exposure in broiler chickens","volume":"100","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0218-3","article-title":"Colonic luminal ammonia and portal blood l-glutamine and l-arginine concentrations: a possible link between colon mucosa and liver ureagenesis","volume":"37","author":"Eklou-Lawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.5.843","article-title":"Stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation of isolated distal colon of rats by continuous colonic infusion of ammonia or short-chain fatty acids is nonadditive","volume":"128","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.06.025","article-title":"Identification of an intestinal heme transporter","volume":"122","author":"Shayeghi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G981","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00363.2005","article-title":"Iron imports. II. Iron uptake at the apical membrane in the intestine","volume":"289","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.237750","article-title":"Determination of dietary iron requirements by full expression of iron-containing enzymes in various tissues of broilers","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03530-x","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with Iron in breeding pigeons on the blood iron status, tissue iron content and full expression of iron-containing enzymes of squabs","volume":"201","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2008.80085","article-title":"The effect of level and period of Fe-methionine chelate supplementation on the iron content of boiler meat","volume":"21","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian Austral J Anim"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9418-5","article-title":"Effects of iron glycine chelate on growth, tissue mineral concentrations, fecal mineral excretion, and liver antioxidant enzyme activities in broilers","volume":"149","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"433","article-title":"Effects of different nanoscale iron oxide particles on the growth performance, oxidative stress, and immune response of broilers","volume":"186","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"779","article-title":"The effects of nano-sized zinc oxide on the performance, immune response, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens","volume":"96","author":"Rezaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"2543","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles suppress the production of IL-1\u03b2 via the secretory lysosomal pathway in murine microglial cells","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040670","article-title":"Effects of dietary iron level on growth performance, immune organ indices and meat quality in Chinese yellow broilers","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-022-03130-w","article-title":"Impacts of dietary supplementation with nano-iron and methionine on growth, blood chemistry, liver biomarkers, and tissue histology of heat-stressed broiler chickens","volume":"54","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01861-w","article-title":"Impact of dietary organic mineral supplementation on reproductive performance, egg quality characteristics, lipid oxidation, ovarian follicular development, and immune response in laying hens under high ambient temperature","volume":"195","author":"Saleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:96:1-3:117","article-title":"Effect of iron supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"96","author":"Kurtoglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.12.3607","article-title":"Iron deficiency and marginal vitamin a deficiency affect growth, hematological indices and the regulation of iron metabolism genes in rats","volume":"132","author":"Strube","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.82113189x","article-title":"Effects of dietary iron supplementation on growth performance, hematological status, and whole-body mineral concentrations of nursery pigs","volume":"82","author":"Rincker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0051-1","article-title":"Mammalian iron transport","volume":"66","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00207.2017","article-title":"Effect of adipose tissue thickness, muscle site, and sex on near-infrared spectroscopy derived total-(hemoglobin + myoglobin)","volume":"123","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1393335\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T04:58:43Z","timestamp":1719896323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1393335\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1393335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1393335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"article-number":"1393335"}}