{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:24:21Z","timestamp":1781709861477,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222941\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222941\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>)-infected livestock and wildlife have been epidemiologically linked to human Q fever outbreaks. Despite this growing zoonotic threat, knowledge of coxiellosis in wild animals remains limited, and studies to understand their epidemiologic role are needed. In <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>-endemic areas, ticks have been reported to harbor and spread <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> and may serve as indicators of risk of infection in wild animal habitats. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare molecular techniques for detecting <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> DNA in ticks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 169 ticks from wild animals and cattle in wildlife conservancies in northern Kenya were screened for <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> DNA using a conventional PCR (cPCR) and two field-friendly techniques: Biomeme\u2019s <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> qPCR Go-strips (Biomeme) and a new <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> PCR high-resolution melt (PCR-HRM) analysis assay. Results were evaluated, in the absence of a gold standard test, using Bayesian latent class analysis (BLCA) to characterize the proportion of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> positive ticks and estimate sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the three tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The final BLCA model included main effects and estimated that PCR-HRM had the highest Se (86%; 95% credible interval: 56\u201399%), followed by the Biomeme (Se\u2009=\u200957%; 95% credible interval: 34\u201390%), with the estimated Se of the cPCR being the lowest (24%, 95% credible interval: 10\u201347%). Specificity estimates for all three assays ranged from 94 to 98%. Based on the model, an estimated 16% of ticks had <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> DNA present.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results reflect the endemicity of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> in northern Kenya and show the promise of the PCR-HRM assay for <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> surveillance in ticks. Further studies using ticks and wild animal samples will enhance understanding of the epidemiological role of ticks in Q fever.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1396714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T05:26:10Z","timestamp":1718774770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of test performance of a conventional PCR and two field-friendly tests to detect Coxiella burnetii DNA in ticks using Bayesian latent class analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maureen 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