{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:49:41Z","timestamp":1791546581955,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/16779-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/16779-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosing and treating lameness in horses is essential to improving their welfare. In equine orthopedic practice, infrared thermography (IRT) can indirectly detect soreness. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can treat painful and inflammatory processes in horses. Using IRT, the efficacy of meloxicam (Maxicam Gel<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) was evaluated in pre-treating transient synovitis in horses induced by a middle carpal joint injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> 055:B5 at a dose of 10 endotoxin units.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a cross-over design, six healthy horses were randomly assigned to receive either 0.6\u2009mg\/kg of oral Maxicam Gel<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (MAXVO) or a mock administration (control group, C) following a two-week washout period. IRT of the middle carpal joint, visual lameness assessment and joint circumference were recorded over time. Clinical and hematological evaluations were performed. Synovial fluid aspirates were analyzed for total nucleated cell count, total protein, and prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. A mixed effects analysis of variance was performed for repeated measures over time, followed by Tukey\u2019s test. A multinomial logistic regression was conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between a thermography temperature change and the lameness score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no changes in joint circumference. The MAXVO group showed a lower rectal temperature 4\u2009h after synovitis induction. The C group presented an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in total hemoglobin and hematocrit 8\u2009h after induction. No changes were observed in the synovial fluid between groups. The horses that received meloxicam did not show clinically significant lameness at any time, while the C group showed an increase in lameness 2, 4, and 8\u2009h after synovitis induction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>IRT indicated that the skin surface temperature of the middle carpal joint was lower in horses who received meloxicam, suggesting a reduction in the inflammatory process induced by LPS. It was observed that the maximum temperature peaks in the dorsopalmar and lateropalmar positions can be utilized to predict the severity of lameness, particularly when the temperature rises above 34\u00b0C. Horses pre-treated with meloxicam showed either reduced or no indication of mild to moderate pain and presented a lowehr thermographic temperature, which indicates the effectiveness of Maxicam Gel<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> as an anti-inflammatory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1399815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T20:50:41Z","timestamp":1718225441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Functional infrared thermography imaging can be used to assess the effectiveness of Maxicam Gel\u00ae in pre-emptively treating transient synovitis and lameness in horses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"J\u00falia Ribeiro Garcia de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Del 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Honorato","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Vieira","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme de Camargo","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132065","article-title":"Assessment of pain and inflammation in domestic animals using infrared thermography: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Whittaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13561","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is equine 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