{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:22:48Z","timestamp":1791915768281,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012421","name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ASTIP-IAS07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTIP-IAS07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stereotypic behaviours, especially oral stereotypic behaviours, are frequently expressed in farm animals. Tongue-rolling is the most common oral stereotypic behaviour in dairy cows (<jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic>). If animals frequently display stereotypic behaviours, this is an indication of poor welfare. It has been suggested that animals express stereotypic behaviours as a way of coping with stress. As a result, animals with stereotypic behaviours may have lower levels of stress hormones than animals without stereotypic behaviours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 916 Holstein cows in the first lactation were subjected to scan sampling behavioural observations 200 times for 10 days. All cows were assigned to either a stereotypic behaviours group (SB) or a control group (CON). The SB group was further subdivided into a tongue-rolling group (TR) and an other-stereotypic behaviours group (OS). The TR group was also split into an only tongue-rolling group (OTR) and a mixed tongue-rolling and other stereotypic behaviours group (TROS). Some cows in the TR group belonged to an extreme tongue-rolling group (ETR). Hair and saliva samples were collected from 601 cows to test cortisol concentrations and dairy herd improvement (DHI) data were collected from a total of 762 cows.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no differences in hair or saliva cortisol concentrations between the groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt;0.05), and the frequencies of tongue-rolling were not associated with cortisol concentrations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt;0.05). For DHI in cows, the milk protein percentage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028), milk true protein percentage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021) and milk crude protein percentage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023) of cows in the ETR group were significantly lower than those in the CON group. For cows in ETR group, as the frequencies of tongue-rolling increased, the milk protein percentage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.034, r\u2009=\u20090.365), milk true protein percentage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022, r\u2009=\u20090.393) and milk crude protein percentage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035, r\u2009=\u20090.363) increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the relationship between stereotypic behaviours and stress by using a non-invasive sampling method to minimise harm to the cows. We suggest that tongue-rolling may not be a way for cows to cope with stress, at least in terms of cortisol concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1404539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T14:07:57Z","timestamp":1716386877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Do cows with stereotypic tongue-rolling behaviour cope better with their 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