{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:23:59Z","timestamp":1791599039820,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dehorning calves is necessary to minimize injury because intensive raising circumstances make horned cows more aggressive. However, acute pain is commonly perceived by farm animals when undergoing painful practices such as dehorning, affecting their health status and quality of life. By quantifying the magnitude of pain and discomfort associated with dehorning, we aim to contribute to a more humane and sustainable cattle farming industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral, physiological, and emotional effects of acute dehorning pain in calves using two methods: dehorning cream and dehorning hot-iron.30 Holstein calves aged 4\u2009days were selected for the study. These calves were randomly assigned to two experimental groups based on the method of disbudding: dehorning cream (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) and hot-iron dehorning (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915). Before and after dehorning, we evaluated their physiological indicators of infrared eye temperature, concentrations of substance P, IL-6, cortisol, haptoglobin, as well as emotional state, and pain-related behavioral reactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-dehorning, the duration of lying down decreased significantly in both groups (DI and DC: 0\u20134\u2009h) after dehorning (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Both groups exhibited increased frequencies of pain-related behaviors such as head shaking (DI: 1\u20137\u2009h, DC: 1\u20136\u2009h), ear flicking (DI: 2\u20137\u2009h, DC: 2\u20137\u2009h), head scratching (DI: 2\u20133\u2009h, DC: 1\u20137\u2009h), and top scuffing (DI: 2\u2009h, DC: 2\u20137\u2009h) compared to pre-dehorning (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The DC group demonstrated a higher frequency of head-shaking, ear-flicking, head-scratching, and top-rubbing behaviors, along with a longer duration of lying down (0\u20134\u2009h), compared to the DI group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Post-dehorning, play behavior reduced significantly in both groups (6\u20138\u2009h) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), whereas judgment bias and fear levels showed no significant change (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). Physiological measures including eye temperature, and blood levels of substance P and IL-6, did not differ significantly between the groups before and after dehorning (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). However, 48\u2009h after dehorning, calves in the DC group had significantly higher haptoglobin levels compared to the DI group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015). Additionally, salivary cortisol levels in the DC group increased significantly at 3.5\u2009h and 7\u2009h post-dehorning (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both hot-iron and cream dehorning induced pain in calves, as evidenced by increased pain-related behaviors, elevated salivary cortisol, and higher haptoglobin levels, alongside reduced positive behaviors. Notably, these effects were more pronounced in the DC group than in the DI group, suggesting that dehorning hot-iron may be a comparatively less stressful dehorning method for young calves. Moreover, the brief duration of pain response and weaker response to dehorning observed in 13-day-age calves in this study suggests that dehorning at younger ages may be more advisable and warrants further research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1406576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T04:53:25Z","timestamp":1716353605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-dimensional evaluation of pain response in low day-age calves to two types of dehorning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.12.001","article-title":"Calf welfare","volume":"24","author":"Stull","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Studies on the development and innervation of the bovine and caprine horn","author":"Madekurozwa","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5724","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4443","article-title":"The dehorning of dairy calves: practices and opinions of 639 farmers","volume":"94","author":"Gottardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ethological, physiological and histological aspects of pain and stress in cattle when being dehorned","volume":"25","author":"Taschke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2984-2995","article-title":"Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: physiological and behavioral alterations","volume":"14","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Avalos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10161","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11270","article-title":"Practices for the disbudding and dehorning of dairy calves by veterinarians and dairy producers in Ontario, Canada","volume":"99","author":"Winder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75084-3","article-title":"Reducing pain after dehorning in dairy calves","volume":"83","author":"Faulkner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(98)00218-4","article-title":"Behavioural and physiological responses of calves to dehorning by heat cauterization with or without local anaesthesia","volume":"62","author":"Graf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"378","article-title":"Necrosis of the brain in calves following dehorning","volume":"26","author":"Nation","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7453.1427","article-title":"ABC of burns: pathophysiology and types of burns","volume":"328","author":"Hettiaratchy","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6429","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12724","article-title":"Clinical trial of local anesthetic protocols for acute pain associated with caustic paste disbudding in dairy calves","volume":"100","author":"Winder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14092","article-title":"Effects of local anesthetic or systemic analgesia on pain associated with cautery disbudding in calves: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Winder","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.1138","article-title":"Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on pain biomarkers at dehorning in calves","volume":"95","author":"Kleinhenz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6251","article-title":"The effect of timing of oral meloxicam administration on physiological responses in calves after cautery dehorning with local anesthesia","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.02.002","article-title":"Pain mechanisms and their implication for the management of pain in farm and companion animals","volume":"174","author":"Vi\u00f1uela-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2019.1680044","article-title":"Review of different methods used for clinical recognition and assessment of pain in dogs and cats","volume":"7","author":"Hernandez-Avalos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"171","article-title":"Quantifying some responses to pain as a stressor","volume-title":"The Biology of Animal Stress","author":"Mellor","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"New techniques for pain recognition: what are the applications, where are the limits?","author":"Johnson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4352","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1762","article-title":"Effect of band and knife castration of beef calves on welfare indicators of pain at three relevant industry ages: I. Acute pain","volume":"95","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"114","article-title":"The identification of potential behavioural indicators of pain in periparturient sows","author":"Ison","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.11.044","article-title":"Eye temperature and heart rate variability of calves disbudded with or without local anaesthetic","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12090","article-title":"Plasma cortisol and prolactin secretion rhythms in cattle under varying external environments and management techniques","volume":"85","author":"Ogino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Sci J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.6.751","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of substance P and cortisol in beef calves after castration or simulated castration","volume":"69","author":"Coetzee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4141\/A02-104","article-title":"Early detection and prediction of infection using infrared thermography","volume":"84","author":"Schaefer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132065","article-title":"Assessment of pain and inflammation in domestic animals using infrared thermography: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Whittaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082247","article-title":"Clinical applications and factors involved in validating thermal windows used in infrared thermography in cattle and river Buffalo to assess health and productivity","volume":"11","author":"Mota-Rojas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102664","article-title":"Advances in infrared thermography: surgical aspects, vascular changes, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine","volume":"92","author":"Casas-Alvarado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600028396","article-title":"A review of behavioural and physiological responses of sheep to stressors to identify potential behavioural signs of distress","volume":"13","author":"Cockram","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"153","volume-title":"7. Applied ethology in the EU: Development of animal welfare standards and actions","author":"Algers","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2013.06.127","article-title":"Monitoring and control of manufacturing processes: a review","volume":"8","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080556","article-title":"Pain and pessimism: dairy calves exhibit negative judgement bias following hot-iron disbudding","volume":"8","author":"Neave","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.02.003","article-title":"Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare","volume":"92","author":"Boissy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0303","article-title":"An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood","volume":"277","author":"Mendl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287512475219","article-title":"Homo sapiens on vacation what can we Learn from Darwin?","volume":"52","author":"Crouch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Travel Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.24.1.081","article-title":"The use of judgement bias to assess welfare in farm livestock","volume":"24","author":"Baciadonna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Welfare"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7110084","article-title":"Calves use an automated brush and a hanging rope when pair-housed","volume":"7","author":"Zobel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(98)90010-8","article-title":"Effects of regional analgesia and\/or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves","volume":"64","author":"McMeekan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8208","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14207","article-title":"Measurement of dairy calf behavior prior to onset of clinical disease and in response to disbudding using automated calf feeders and accelerometers","volume":"101","author":"Sutherland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6375","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23238","article-title":"Wound healing and pain sensitivity following caustic paste disbudding in dairy calves","volume":"106","author":"Drwencke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12162.x","article-title":"Behavioural responses of calves to amputation dehorning with and without local anaesthesia","volume":"82","author":"Sylvester","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)00569-E","article-title":"Effect of dehorning on behaviour and plasma cortisol responses in young calves","volume":"43","author":"Morisse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.006","article-title":"Inflammation 2010: new adventures of an old flame","volume":"140","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.01.007","article-title":"Mediators of the resolution of the inflammatory response","volume":"40","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600027895","article-title":"Infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for detecting fear-related responses of cattle to handling procedures","volume":"17","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Welfare"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040616","article-title":"Utilization of infrared thermography in assessing thermal responses of farm animals under heat stress","volume":"14","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6058","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8877","article-title":"The effects of firocoxib on cautery disbudding pain and stress responses in preweaned dairy calves","volume":"98","author":"Stock","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.02.013","article-title":"Comparing plasma cortisol and behaviour of calves dehorned with caustic paste after non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory analgesia","volume":"119","author":"Stilwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13814","article-title":"Evaluation of alternatives to cautery disbudding of dairy goat kids using physiological measures of immediate and longer-term pain","volume":"101","author":"Hempstead","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03304-6","article-title":"Substance P concentrations in the blood plasma and serum of adult cattle and calves during different painful procedures and conditions \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Tschoner","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6274","article-title":"Effect of castration method on neurohormonal and electroencephalographic stress indicators in Holstein calves of different ages","volume":"96","author":"Dockweiler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1086\/393866","article-title":"Mammalian play: training for the unexpected","volume":"76","author":"Spinka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.12.008","article-title":"Play behavior as an indicator of animal welfare: disbudding in dairy calves","volume":"144","author":"Mintline","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090205","article-title":"Social housing improves dairy calves' performance in two cognitive tests","volume":"9","author":"Gaillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00119","article-title":"Making decisions under ambiguity: judgment bias tasks for assessing emotional state in animals","volume":"10","author":"Roelofs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98429","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098429","article-title":"Separation from the dam causes negative judgement bias in dairy calves","volume":"9","author":"Daros","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00054","article-title":"Pain-induced pessimism and Anhedonia: evidence from a novel probability-based judgment bias test","volume":"13","author":"Lecorps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17214-3","article-title":"Pessimism and fearfulness in dairy calves","volume":"8","author":"Lecorps","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8410","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15948","article-title":"Short communication: assessment of disbudding pain in dairy calves using nonlinear measures of heart rate variability","volume":"102","author":"Byrd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020553","article-title":"Measuring farm animal emotions-sensor-based approaches","volume":"21","author":"Neethirajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051235","article-title":"Methods for pain assessment in calves and their use for the evaluation of pain during different procedures-a review","volume":"11","author":"Tschoner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5483","article-title":"Pain management with flunixin meglumine at dehorning of calves","volume":"96","author":"Huber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txab041","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab041","article-title":"A field trial comparing four oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on controlling cautery dehorning pain and stress in calves","volume":"5","author":"Stock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1406576\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T04:53:30Z","timestamp":1716353610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1406576\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1406576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1406576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"article-number":"1406576"}}