{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:16:27Z","timestamp":1791825387506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have demonstrated that postbiotics possess bioactivities comparable to those of probiotics. Therefore, our experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of postbiotics derived from <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> on the growth performance and intestinal health of growing male minks. A total of 120 growing male minks were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each with 15 replicates of 2 minks. The minks in the 4 groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% postbiotics derived from <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> (PEF), respectively. Compared to the control, PEF improved feed\/gain (F\/G) during the first 4\u2009weeks and the entire 8\u2009weeks of the study (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); in addition, 0.1% PEF improved average daily gain (ADG) during the first 4\u2009weeks and the entire 8\u2009weeks of the study (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), while 0.15% PEF improved ADG during the first 4\u2009weeks of the study (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Consequently, 0.1% PEF minks displayed greater body weight (BW) at weeks 4 and 8 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and 0.15% PEF minks had greater BW at week 4 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) than minks in the control. Furthermore, compared to the control, both 0.05 and 0.1% PEF enhanced the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) in the initial 4\u2009weeks, while both 0.1 and 0.15% PEF enhanced the apparent digestibility of CP and DM in the final 4\u2009weeks (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Additionally, trypsin activity was elevated in the 0.1 and 0.15% PEF groups compared to the control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). In terms of intestinal morphology, PEF increased the villus height and villus\/crypt (V\/C) in the jejunum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and both 0.1 and 0.15% PEF decreased the crypt depth and increased the villus height and V\/C in the duodenum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) compared to the control group. Supplementation with 0.1% PEF increased the SIgA levels but decreased the IL-2, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1 levels in the jejunum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Compared to the control, <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> postbiotics decreased the relative abundances of <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that the growth performance, digestibility, immunity, and intestine development of minks are considerably affected by <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> postbiotics. In particular, dietary supplementation with 0.1% <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> postbiotics provides greater benefits than supplementation with 0.05 and 0.15%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1409127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T05:07:55Z","timestamp":1720588075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of dietary supplementation of Enterococcus faecium postbiotics on growth performance and intestinal health of growing male 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