{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:39:53Z","timestamp":1790991593103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic enteric disease caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MAP). Control of PTB is important given its negative economic consequences and the potential zoonotic role of MAP in Crohn\u2019s disease in humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the seroprevalence of MAP in Swiss dairy herds and to identify risk factors associated with seropositive herd status and high within-herd seroprevalence, 10,063 serum samples collected from cattle over 12\u2009months of age in 171 Swiss dairy farms were analyzed using a commercial ELISA test. Eight herds were excluded due to non-interpretable ELISA results. Risk factors associated with seropositive herd status and high within-herd seroprevalence were investigated with regression models using results from a questionnaire on management practices possibly associated with the introduction or spread of MAP in the remaining 163 herds. Univariable logistic regression was performed, carrying forward for multivariable regression analysis when <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The calculated between-herd true seroprevalence was 3.6% (95% CI, 0.96\u20138.4%). Due to the low within-herd seroprevalence, it was not possible to calculate the true seroprevalence at animal level; the apparent within-herd seroprevalence ranged from 2.3 to 5.5% with a median of 3.6% in nine positive farms. Herd size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037) and the common grazing of lactating cows with cows from other herds (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014) were associated with seropositive herd status, while heifers sharing alpine pasture with dairy cattle from other herds were associated with a decreased probability of the herd to test seropositive (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042). Reliable identification of significant risk factors associated with MAP spread and high seroprevalence of PTB within seropositive herds was not possible due to low observed seroprevalence within herds and low sensitivity of the ELISA test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results highlight the limitation of serology for MAP diagnosis in small herds with low infection prevalence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1409694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T17:11:35Z","timestamp":1719594695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Swiss dairy herds and risk factors for a positive herd status and within-herd prevalence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Ottardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Lechner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Schneeberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin Michael","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Meylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1517-1521.2001","article-title":"Paratuberculosis infection of nonruminant wildlife in Scotland","volume":"39","author":"Beard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2008.0226","article-title":"Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from muscle tissue of naturally infected cattle","volume":"6","author":"Alonso-Hearn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.01.009","article-title":"A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds - part 2: on-farm control","volume":"246","author":"McAloon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321106","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1321106","article-title":"Isolation of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis and other non-tuberculous mycobacteria from head lymph nodes of wild ruminants and badgers in Switzerland","volume":"10","author":"Lienhard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.10.011","article-title":"Paratuberculosis in cattle","volume":"34","author":"Fecteau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.01.007","article-title":"Evidence for age susceptibility of cattle to Johne\u2019s disease","volume":"184","author":"Windsor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2011.07.012","article-title":"Epidemiology and economics of Paratuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Lombard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2011.07.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Paratuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Sweeney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1943-4","article-title":"Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. 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