{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:29:42Z","timestamp":1793089782353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of antibiotics in the poultry and veterinary sectors is very common practice in India. Owing to the seriousness of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the present study has illustrated the overall scenario of AMR in the poultry and veterinary sectors in India through an in-depth scoping review and key informant interview (KII). In the poultry sector, most of the studies reviewed have reported resistant bacteria isolated from chicken meat, eggs, cloacal swabs, and fecal samples, and only a few have reported the presence of resistant bacteria in and around the environment of poultry farms. The major resistant bacteria that have been reported are <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. These bacterial isolates exhibited resistance to various antibiotics, such as azithromycin (21.43%), tetracycline (11.30\u2013100%), chloramphenicol (4.76\u2013100%), erythromycin (75\u201383.33%), ciprofloxacin (5.7\u2013100%), gentamicin (17\u2013100%), amikacin (4.76%), cotrimoxazole (42.2\u201360%), trimethoprim (89.4%), ceftriaxone (80%), and cefotaxime (14.29\u201370%). Like the poultry sector, different antibiotics are also used for treating clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis, which is one of the major problems plaguing the dairy sector. Several AMR bacterial strains, such as <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, have been reported by many researchers and showed resistance against tetracycline (74%), oxytetracycline (47.37%), ciprofloxacin (51%), streptomycin (57.89%), cephalosporin (100%), and trimethoprim (70%). The KIIs have revealed several reasons behind these AMR scenarios, of which the growing need for the production of food animals and their products with inadequate infrastructure and a lack of proper knowledge on farm management among the farmers are the major ones. Though several government legislations and policies have been laid down, proper implementation of these policies, strict surveillance on antibiotic application in the poultry and veterinary sectors, awareness generation among farmers, and infrastructure development can help minimize the development and transmission of AMR bacteria within and from these sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1411160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T04:50:52Z","timestamp":1724734252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Contribution of veterinary sector to antimicrobial resistance in One Health compendium: an insight from available Indian evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Debjit","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falguni","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandip","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shatabdi","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soume","family":"Pyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Chakraverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agniva","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok Kumar","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanta","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1495","article-title":"Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"357","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0354-9","article-title":"The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India","volume":"7","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00237","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: its surveillance, impact, and alternative management strategies in dairy animals","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2411","article-title":"Are food animals responsible for transfer of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli or their resistance determinants to human populations? A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Muloi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110336","article-title":"Existing policies\/guidelines on the environmental dimension of antimicrobial resistance in India: an insight into the key facets through review and SWOT analysis","volume":"7","author":"Debnath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.635-638","article-title":"Detection of tetracycline resistance determinant tetA gene and antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from healthy layer chickens","volume":"7","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3329\/ajmbr.v1i1.25491","article-title":"Molecular identification and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter strains of poultry origin in India with special emphasis on fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"1","author":"Kabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1682-1688","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farm and processing units located in and around Mumbai city, India","volume":"11","author":"Waghamare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1808-47","article-title":"Phylogrouping and antimicrobial resistance analysis of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from poultry species","volume":"43","author":"Bhave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2012.556-559","article-title":"Study on occurrence and antibiogram pattern of Escherichia coli from raw milk samples in Anand, Gujarat, India","volume":"5","author":"Thaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2014.984365","article-title":"Co-infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in bovine mastitis\u2013three cases reported from India","volume":"35","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0330","article-title":"First report on vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bovine and caprine milk","volume":"22","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.07.032","article-title":"Molecular signature of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from bovine milk in eastern and North-Eastern India","volume":"44","author":"Koovapra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.03.041","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella present in poultry and poultry environment in north India","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa443","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and its association with restricted antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Nobrega","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Conserving the use of critically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals: Gaps and possibilities in global guidance and Indian policy framework","volume-title":"Centre for Science and Environment","author":"Khurana","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"155","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of natural growth promoter (av\/agp\/10) with antibiotic growth promoter on overall growth performance and intestinal morphometry in broiler birds","volume":"2","author":"Debnath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Heal Care"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.207-210","article-title":"Evaluation of Emblica officinalis fruit powder as a growth promoter in commercial broiler chickens","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex079","article-title":"Use of Bacillus Subtilis PB6 as a potential antibiotic growth promoter replacement in improving performance of broiler birds","volume":"96","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.258-265","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: a cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude, and practices among veterinarians of Haryana state in India","volume":"12","author":"Parkunan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref23","author":"Garg","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j3625","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3625","article-title":"One health approach to tackle antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia","volume":"358","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2010.549-551","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary practices in India \u2013 a review","volume":"3","author":"Balaji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v7i3.54775","article-title":"Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants among traditional herbal healers in Alaknanda catchment of Uttarakhand, India","volume":"7","author":"Phondani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Trad CAM"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050893","article-title":"Can improved farm biosecurity reduce the need for antimicrobials in food animals? A scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Dhaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"161","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and antibiogram pattern of Salmonella from poultry in parts of Haryana, India","volume":"1","author":"Arora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.18502\/ijm.v11i1.702","article-title":"Poultry: a receptacle for non-typhoidal salmonellae and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"11","author":"Bangera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iranian J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"077015","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP292","article-title":"The prevalence of extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant Escherichia Coli in poultry chickens and variation according to farming practices in Punjab, India","volume":"125","author":"Brower","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ijar.B-3817","article-title":"Molecular detection of biofilm, virulence and antimicrobial resistance associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from pig and chicken of Mizoram, India","volume":"54","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60103-3","article-title":"Outbreaks of salmonellosis in three different poultry farms of Kerala, India","volume":"3","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00929","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated from backyard poultry flocks in West Bengal, India","volume":"23","author":"Samanta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"892","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial isolates from fecal and cloacalswab samples collected from broiler chickens in Chennai, southern India","author":"Senthamilselvan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Romanian Soc Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.01.021","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes characterization of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from retail chicken meat shops in northern India","volume":"102","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5799\/jmid.vi.328974","article-title":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from livestock and food samples, in and around Kolkata, India","volume":"6","author":"Sudhanthirakodi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1411160\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T04:50:57Z","timestamp":1724734257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1411160\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1411160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1411160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"article-number":"1411160"}}