{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:21:00Z","timestamp":1782454860548,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The external ear canal, characterized by species-specific structural and physiological differences, maintains a hostile environment that prevents microbial overgrowth and foreign body entry, supported by factors such as temperature, pH, humidity, and cerumen with antimicrobial properties. This review combines several studies on the healthy ear canal\u2019s structure and physiology with a critical approach to the potential existence of an ear microbiome. We use a comparative multi-species approach to explore how allergic conditions alter the ear canal microenvironment and cerumen in different mammalian species, promoting pathogen colonization. We propose a pathogenetic model in which allergic conditions disrupt the antimicrobial environment of the EEC, creating circumstances favorable for facultative pathogenic micro-organisms like <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic> species, leading to otitis externa (OE). A better understanding of the underpinning mechanisms may lead to innovative approaches to disease mitigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1413684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T14:05:26Z","timestamp":1734357926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The role of the microbiome in allergic dermatitis-related otitis externa: a multi-species comparative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cyrelle","family":"Houtsaeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Pasmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingmar","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Vandenabeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Haesebrouck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lebeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Boyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"533","article-title":"Otitis externa in UK general practice: a survey using the UK general practice research database","volume":"51","author":"Rowlands","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"941","article-title":"Otitis externa: a practical guide to treatment and prevention","volume":"63","author":"Sander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12583","article-title":"Topical ear treatment - options, indications and limitations of current therapy","volume":"57","author":"Paterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2003.10.007","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of otitis media in dogs and cats","volume":"34","author":"Gotthelf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin North America-Small Animal Prac"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12763","article-title":"Otitis externa in eight horses \u2013 clinical signs, treatment and prognosis","volume":"30","author":"Odelros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000121246.99242.f5","article-title":"Otitis externa review","volume":"20","author":"Beers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2002.00584.x","article-title":"Allergic otitis externa","volume":"27","author":"Sood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.01.0002","article-title":"Managing recurrent otitis externa in dogs: what have we learned and what can we do better?","volume":"261","author":"Nuttall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215118000191","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of otitis externa: a changing pattern of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"132","author":"Heward","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121003649","article-title":"Otitis externa: what is the problem with getting it right? 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