{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:34:46Z","timestamp":1762432486808,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of non-hematopoietic cells in effusions is a diagnostic challenge in cytology. Biopsies from mesothelium or primary lesions are infrequently performed in clinical settings and immunochemistry on smears or immunohistochemistry on cell blocks are the most common ancillary test to refine the cytological diagnosis. Cavitary effusions are an ideal matrix for flow cytometry and the availability of a cytometric panel to describe non-hematopoietic cells would represent a useful tool. Here we present the results of the flow cytometric and immunohistochemical determination of cytokeratin (CK), vimentin (VIM) and desmin (DES) in 36 canine effusions. The concordance between the two methods was perfect for CK (100%), substantial for VIM (77.8%), and almost perfect for DES (97.2%). The panel was interpreted to define the epithelial (CK+VIM-DES-), mesothelial (CK+VIM+DES+), or mesenchymal (CK-VIM+DES-) origin of the cells. Unexpected profiles were considered doubtful and observed patterns were individually discussed. The concordance of the panel interpretation between two methods was 75%. The evaluation of discordant and doubtful cases suggests a lower sensitivity of flow cytometry in detecting VIM expression and revealed a high frequency of VIM+ epithelial cells, variable expression of VIM in mesothelial cells, and an important role of DES in excluding an epithelial origin when positive. Multicentric studies based on histopathological diagnoses are necessary to confirm these findings and evaluate the diagnostic utility of the panel to refine cytological diagnosis. Our results show that flow cytometry can be a timesaving alternative to IHC on cell blocks in clinical settings to detect CK, VIM and DES expression. The interpretation of the panel is similar in most cases; however, occasional discordant results, particularly for VIM, may occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1414271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T05:10:28Z","timestamp":1727154628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flow cytometry of non-hematopoietic cells in canine effusions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Sini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maverick","family":"Melega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca Tiziana","family":"Cannizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Miniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Riondato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-53314-0.00015-8","article-title":"Abdominal, thoracic, and pericardial effusions","volume-title":"Cowell and Tyler's Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat","author":"Valenciano","year":"2020"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165x.1999.tb01065.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of cytologic evaluation in the diagnosis of neoplasia in body fluids from dogs and cats","volume":"28","author":"Hirschberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12253","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of cytologic analysis of pericardial effusion in dogs","volume":"28","author":"Cagle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13002","article-title":"Comparison of effusion cell block and biopsy immunohistochemistry in mesothelial hyperplasia, mesothelioma, and carcinoma in dogs","volume":"50","author":"Milne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2014-0020","article-title":"Using of immunocytochemistry in differential diagnosis of neoplasms of serosal cavities in dogs","volume":"17","author":"Przezdziecki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12922","article-title":"Cell blocks in veterinary medicine: a comparison of two methods (cell tube and agar) in 52 effusions from dogs and cats","volume":"49","author":"Melega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12709","article-title":"The cell tube block technique and an immunohistochemistry panel including Wilms tumor 1 to assist in diagnosing cavitary effusions in dogs and cats","volume":"48","author":"Marcos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020157","article-title":"Detection of lymphoid markers (CD3 and PAX5) for immunophenotyping in dogs and cats: comparison of stained cytology slides and matched cell blocks","volume":"10","author":"Sampaio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0633","article-title":"Immunohistochemical features of canine ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma and utility of cell block technique for detecting neoplastic cells in body cavity effusions","volume":"84","author":"Kita","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-53314-0.00029-8","article-title":"Immunocytochemistry. 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